Abstract	5
	Table of Contents	7
	Acronyms	12
	List of Figures	14
	List of Tables	18
	Listings	20
	1 Introduction	21
	1.1 Motivation	21
	1.2 Research Objectives	22
	1.3 Chapter Overview	25
	1.4 A Word on Category Theory	27
	Part I: Electronic Commerce and the Internet of Products	29
	2 The Economics of E-Economies	30
	2.1 Fundamentals	30
	2.1.1 Gallery of Economics	30
	2.1.2 From Economy to E-Economy	41
	2.1.3 From Commerce to E-Commerce	44
	2.1.4 Electronic Commerce Busines Models	46
	2.1.5 Electronic Commerce Pricing Models	49
	2.1.6 Markets vs. Electronic Markets	50
	2.1.7 Macroeconomic Implications of Electronic Markets	53
	2.1.8 Implications on Welfare	56
	2.2 E-Commerce Process Modeling	58
	2.2.1 BPMN-based E-Commerce Process Model	58
	2.2.2 Calculus-based E-Commerce Process Model	60
	2.2.3 System Theoretical Market Model	62
	2.3 Chapter Summary	63
	3 The Internet of Products and The Triple Bottom Line	65
	3.1 Market-based Categories	65
	3.1.1 Basics of Category Theory	66
	3.1.2 Category of Supply	69
	3.1.3 Category of Demand	71
	3.1.4 Category of Markets	72
	3.1.5 Functors between Demand, Supply, and Markets	74
	3.1.6 Functor Category of Markets	75
	3.2 The Internet of Products	77
	3.2.1 Semantic Product Retrieval Benchmark	79
	3.2.2 Toward Total Commerce	85
	3.2.3 Reverse Commerce in the IoP	89
	3.3 The Triple Bottom Line	90
	3.3.1 The Category 3BL	90
	3.3.2 The IoP Impact on the 3BL	92
	3.3.3 3BL Impact Analysis Criticism	96
	3.4 Chapter Summary	97
	Part II: Technologies and Paradigms of the Internet of Products	100
	4 Foundations of Semantic Product Query Systems	102
	4.1 Semantic and Web 2.0 Principles	102
	4.1.1 The Internet of Things	102
	4.1.2 Ontologies	107
	4.1.3 Taxonomies	111
	4.1.4 Faceted Classification	113
	4.1.5 Folksonomies	115
	4.1.6 Section Summary	119
	4.2 Semantic Product Models and Classification	120
	4.2.1 Origins of Product Modeling	120
	4.2.2 Semantic Product Models	121
	4.2.3 Product Model Persistence	126
	4.2.4 Product Configurators	129
	4.2.5 Product Classification	130
	4.2.6 Section Summary	134
	4.3 Distributed SPQS Technologies and Paradigms	134
	4.3.1 Component-based Software Engineering	134
	4.3.2 Service-oriented Software Engineering	137
	4.3.3 Agent-oriented Software Engineering	141
	4.3.4 Cloud-based Software Engineering	145
	4.3.5 Section Summary	152
	4.4 Quality Assurance in SPQS	154
	4.4.1 Software Measurement Definition	154
	4.4.2 Measurement Objects in Business Software	154
	4.4.3 Measurement Subjects of Business Software Evaluation	157
	4.4.4 Measurement Results of Software Quality Assurance	159
	4.4.5 Measurement Resources of Software Measurement	160
	4.4.6 Measurement Repercussions of E-Business Software Improvement	161
	4.4.7 Detailed Measurement Process BMP for Business Software QualityAssurance	162
	4.4.8 Section Summary	163
	4.5 Chapter Summary	163
	Part III: S-PDL and SPS as Technological Backbone of the Internet of Products	165
	5 Semantic Product Description Language	167
	5.1 Hierarchy-based Product Descriptions	167
	5.2 Semantic Product Description	169
	5.2.1 Explicit vs. Implicit Semantics	172
	5.2.2 Category-based Fundamentals of Semantic Product Descriptions	173
	5.2.3 Product attributes	175
	5.2.4 Internationalization of Product Descriptions	176
	5.2.5 Matching Product Descriptions with Queries	176
	5.2.6 Query Refinement through Semantic Operators	178
	5.2.7 Localization of Product Descriptions	182
	5.2.8 Attribute Handlers	185
	5.3 BNF of the S-PDL	187
	5.4 S-PDL Schema	189
	5.5 Chapter Summary	191
	6 Semantic Product Servers	193
	6.1 SPS Implementation	193
	6.2 SPS Client Interfaces	194
	6.3 SPS Catalog	194
	6.4 SPS Execution Environment and Reference Architecture	195
	6.5 Dynamic Binding	197
	6.5.1 Mapping Functors to Software	202
	6.5.2 Memoized Functors	203
	6.5.3 Memoization and Memory Utilization	206
	6.6 Query Matching	209
	6.7 SPS Deployment	211
	6.8 Chapter Summary	213
	7 Validation and Applications	216
	7.1 SPS Prototypes and Applications	216
	7.1.1 ArbiterOne	216
	7.1.2 eVoces	219
	7.1.3 EscapeMisery	220
	7.1.4 SpotCrowd	220
	7.2 System Performance and Caching	222
	7.2.1 Optimal Query Caching	223
	7.2.2 Hybrid Cloud Storage Framework	229
	7.3 Chapter Summary	237
	8 Conclusion	239
	8.1 Summary	239
	8.2 Future Work	240
	9 Appendix	244
	9.1 Appendix A: Transport Efficiency Analysis	244
	9.1.1 Triangle Inequality-based Model	244
	9.1.2 Ellipse-based Model	246
	9.1.3 Segments-based Model	248
	9.2 Appendix B: S-PDL Template Generation	251
	9.3 Appendix C: The KULI Model of E-Commerce Maturity	255
	10 Bibliography	258