Acknowledgements	7
	Contents	8
	1 Introduction	10
	1.1 Overview	11
	1.2 Three Illustrations of Empirical Claim	14
	1.2.1 First Illustration: Betting Scenarios	14
	1.2.2 Second Illustration: In Fact, and Downward Entailing Contexts	16
	1.2.3 Third Illustration: Only as a Weakener	18
	1.3 Consequences	18
	1.4 Theoretical Implications	20
	1.5 Book Overview	24
	2 Only and Its Inferences	32
	2.1 Chapter Preview	32
	2.2 The Semantics of Only	33
	2.2.1 The Exclusive Inference of Only	37
	2.2.1.1 Scalar Only	39
	2.2.1.2 Scalarity and Only's Disjunctive Presupposition	43
	2.2.2 Interim Summary	46
	2.2.3 Only and Its Scalar Presupposition	47
	2.2.4 Only and the Ban Against Its Vacuous Use	53
	2.2.5 The Scalar Presupposition as the Ban Against VacuousUse	57
	2.3 Chapter Summary	60
	3 The Positive Morpheme and Its Interaction with Only	62
	3.1 Chapter Preview	62
	3.2 Background: Many and Few as Gradable Adjectives	63
	3.3 pos and the Evaluativity of Many and Few	66
	3.3.1 N as a Modal in the Semantics of pos	71
	3.4 Interim Summary	74
	3.5 The Interaction of pos and Only: Answering the Missing Readings Question	75
	3.6 Theory 1 of the Only-pos Interaction	77
	3.6.1 Prediction: Negation	80
	3.6.2 Prediction: Modals and Their Monotonicity	82
	3.6.3 Section Summary	87
	3.7 Theory 2 of the Only-pos Interaction	88
	3.8 Chapter Summary	93
	3.9 The Antonym-Pair Generalization	94
	4 The Proposal	98
	4.1 Chapter Preview	98
	4.2 The Scoping Account: Decomposing Modified Numerals	99
	4.3 The Closure Account	107
	4.3.1 Van Benthem's Problem	109
	4.3.2 Bypassing van Benthem's Problem by Constraining Alternatives	111
	4.3.3 Bypassing van Benthem's Problem by Blind Exclusion	119
	4.4 Summary	124
	4.4.1 The Existence Inference and the Status of Only'sPrejacent	126
	4.4.2 A Remark on the Distribution of Existentially-ClosedParses	127
	4.5 Comparison with Other Accounts	128
	4.5.1 POS as Comparative: Density?	128
	4.5.2 BonomiCasalegno1993	129
	4.5.3 Beck2012	134
	4.6 Extension to Rarely	138
	4.7 Chapter Summary	141
	Appendix: Constraint on Formal Alternatives	142
	5 Only if, Its Interaction with pos, and Its Scalar Presupposition	145
	5.1 Chapter Preview	145
	5.2 Only if as Only and a Conditional Prejacent	147
	5.3 Only if and pos	154
	5.4 Only if and Only's Scalar Presupposition	156
	5.5 Chapter Summary	158
	6 Conclusions and Extensions	160
	6.1 Book Summary	160
	6.2 Comparatives	163
	6.2.1 Antonymy and the -er Morpheme	164
	6.2.2 Subsethood in Measure-Phrase Comparatives	165
	6.2.3 Innocent Exclusion and Density	169
	6.2.4 LessP	173
	6.2.5 Summary	174
	6.3 At Least and At Most?	175
	6.3.1 Alternativehood of Disjuncts and Association with Only	175
	6.4 Another Case: Recently	182
	Appendix	184
	References	186
	Index	192