Book Abstract	5
	Acknowledgement	6
	Contents	7
	About the Editors	9
	Chapter 1: Digital Transformation: New Opportunities and Challenges for Democracy?	10
	Part I: Challenges for Internet Regulation on the Global, EU, and National Level	17
	Chapter 2: Internet Censorship in Liberal Democracies: Learning from Autocracies?	18
	Introduction	18
	Internet Blocking in Liberal Democracies	21
	The Empirical Picture	22
	Analytical Framework: Driving Forces and Obstacles	27
	Data and Quantitative Analysis	30
	Conclusion	32
	References	34
	Chapter 3: The Emergence and Analysis of European Data Protection Regulation	36
	Introduction	36
	State of the Art	39
	The Analysis of Governance-Related Aspects of Data Protection	40
	Privacy Advocacy	41
	Internet Governance and Privacy	42
	The Value and Content of Privacy	43
	Surveillance and Data Protection	44
	Synopsis	45
	The Emergence of European Data Protection Politics	47
	Four Generations of National Data Protection Laws	47
	Early Efforts on the International Level	49
	The Emergence of the European Data Protection Framework	50
	The Emergence of the General Data Protection Regulation	51
	Conclusion	54
	References	55
	Chapter 4: Internet Policy and German Copyright Regulation. A Subsystem Perspective to Assess Changes in Interest Group Dynami...	60
	Introduction	60
	The Theoretical Framework of Policy Subsystems	61
	Well Established: The German Copyright Subsystem	63
	Internationalization	67
	Toward Worldwide Harmonization	67
	National Leeway	68
	A New Internet Policy Subsystem	70
	The New Logic	70
	Interdependence Instead of Subsumption	73
	The Changes to Urheberrecht Subsystem Dynamics	74
	The Impact of the Internet on Existing Policies	74
	Change to Adversarial Subsystem Dynamics	75
	Summary	78
	References	79
	Part II: Political Communication and Social Media: From Politics to Citizens	82
	Chapter 5: Parliaments 2.0? Digital Media Use by National Parliaments in the EU	83
	Introduction: Why Analyze Parliaments´ Websites?	83
	Websites of Politicians and Parliaments as Subjects of Empirical Analysis, Disenchantment with Politics, and the Need for Furt...	84
	Political Communication and Participation in Web 2.0	87
	Digital Media Use on Parliamentary Websites: An EU-Wide Comparison	89
	Methodology and Case Selection	89
	Empirical Analysis of Parliamentary Websites: Results and Discussion	90
	Conclusion	94
	Appendix	95
	Bibliography	100
	Chapter 6: Much Ado About Nothing? The Use of Social Media in the New Digital Agenda Committee of the German Bundestag	102
	Introduction	102
	The Digital Agenda Committee: A New Permanent Committee in the Bundestag	104
	Theoretical Background: Twitter as a Social Media Engagement Tool	106
	Empirical Data and Findings	108
	Methodology	108
	Results	110
	Discussion and Conclusion	117
	Bibliography	121
	Chapter 7: Social Media Logic and Its Impact on Political Communication During Election Times	124
	Introduction	124
	Social Media in the Hypermedia Campaign	125
	Negotiating News Values	126
	Going Viral	126
	Anticipating ``Likes´´	127
	Content as a Process	127
	Audience Selectivity and Reach	128
	Methodology	128
	Research Context and Participant Selection	128
	In-Depth Interviews with Politicians	129
	Social Media Data Collection and Analysis	130
	Results: Understanding the Hybrid Social Media Ecology	131
	Balancing Newsworthiness and Bad Publicity	131
	Attempts to Reverse Engineer Virality	132
	Towards Infinite Judgment?	133
	Negotiating the Goldfish	133
	Audience Selectivity and Targetability	135
	Concluding Remarks	136
	References	137
	Chapter 8: The Personal in the Political on Twitter: Towards a Typology of Politicians´ Personalized Tweeting Behaviours	141
	Introduction	141
	Personalization	142
	Social Media and Personalization	144
	Research Focus and Methodology	145
	Findings	150
	Personalized Tweeting Practices: A Typology	154
	Conclusion	156
	References	157
	Chapter 9: Social Media Sourcing Practices: How Dutch Newspapers Use Tweets in Political News Coverage	162
	Introduction	162
	Sources, Journalists, and (Political) News Coverage	164
	The Use of Twitter as a News Source	165
	Research Design and Methodology	167
	Findings	168
	How Frequently Is Twitter Used as a News Source?	168
	Whose Tweets Are Cited?	169
	What Function Do Cited Tweets Serve?	172
	What Types of Tweets Are Cited?	173
	The Use of Personal and Humorous Tweets	174
	What Are the Dominant Quoting Practices?	176
	Discussion and Conclusion	177
	References	178
	Part III: Online Civic Engagement and the Public Sphere	182
	Chapter 10: New Rituals for Public Connection: Audiences´ Everyday Experiences of Digital Journalism, Civic Engagement, and So...	183
	Introduction	183
	Ritualization, De-ritualization, Re-ritualization?	185
	Methodology	188
	Results	189
	New Media, New Routines?	189
	New Habits, New Rituals?	193
	The Importance of Social Networks	195
	Conclusion	197
	References	198
	Chapter 11: Social Media as Civic Space for Media Criticism and Journalism Hate	202
	Media Change, Social Media, and Media Criticism	202
	Introduction	202
	Social Media and Politics, Participation, and Expressive Communication	204
	A New Era for Media Criticism	205
	Analyzing Media Criticism/Critique as Process, in Relation to Accountability and in Social Setting	207
	The Case, Background, Material and Method	208
	Analysis	209
	Overview of the Analysis	209
	The Intentions	209
	The Object of Critique/Criticism	212
	The Process: Critique, Phases, Relations, and Accountability	213
	The Process: Critique	214
	The Process: Phases	215
	The Process: Relations	216
	The Process: Responsibility and Accountability	216
	Comparing Critique and Accountability	217
	Conclusions and Discussion	218
	The Process	219
	What Kind of Civic Space?	219
	The Case Through the Lens of Critical Institutionalism	220
	Final Comments	221
	References	221
	Chapter 12: Lurkers and the Fantasy of Persuasion in an Online Cultural Public Sphere	223
	Introduction	223
	Cultural Participation	225
	Setting and Previous Research	226
	Method	227
	Lurkers and Lurking	229
	Lurkers as an Imagined Audience?	230
	A Fantasy	231
	The Fantasy of Persuasion	233
	Concluding Remarks	238
	References	239
	Chapter 13: Environmental Talk in the Chinese Green Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of Daily Green-Speak Across Three Ch...	242
	Introduction	242
	Chinese Internet and the Public Sphere in China	243
	Everyday Political Talk as an Agent of Change in Digital Age in China	245
	Political Talk About the Environment in the Chinese Green Sphere	246
	Methods	248
	Findings and Discussion	251
	Level 1 Process of Deliberation	251
	Level 2 Civic Behaviors	254
	Level 3 Expression of Sentiments	256
	Conclusion	258
	References	260
	Chapter 14: Afterword: Clinton, Trump, and Artificial Intelligence	263
	References	268