Cover	1
	Title Page	5
	Copyright	6
	Contents	7
	Notes on Contributors	17
	Preface	25
	Chapter 1: Research Methods	27
	Introduction	27
	Research on the Frequency, Cause, and Prevention of Psychological Problems, and Disorders	27
	Epidemiology	27
	Etiology and Analytical Epidemiology	28
	Prevention	29
	Evaluating Clinical Interventions and Treatments	29
	Does the Intervention Work?	30
	Quantifying the Effects of an Intervention	32
	Integrating the Results from Multiple Studies—Meta-analyses	33
	Is the Intervention Effective for this Specific Patient?	34
	How, for Whom, and under which Conditions do Clinical Interventions Work?	36
	Summary	38
	References	38
	Chapter 2: Classification Systems across the Globe	41
	Introduction	41
	Classification Systems in Western Cultures	42
	Atheoretical Classification Systems	42
	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)	42
	The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD)	43
	Theory-based Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Classification Systems	44
	Classification Systems in Non-Western Cultures	45
	The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD)	46
	Specific Classification Systems	48
	Specific Categorical Classification Systems	48
	Specific Noncategorical Classification Systems	49
	References	52
	Chapter 3: Clinical Interviewing with Adults	55
	Introduction	55
	Goals of the Clinical Interview	55
	Elements of the Clinical Interview	56
	Diagnostic Criteria	56
	Risk Assessment	58
	Behavioral Observation	59
	Psychosocial Assessment	60
	Interviewing Techniques	61
	Reliability and Validity of Interviews	62
	Integrating Cultural Context in Interviews	64
	Actuarial Judgment	64
	Functional Analysis	65
	Differential Diagnosis	66
	Summary	66
	References	66
	Chapter 4: Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents*	69
	Introduction	69
	Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents	71
	Implementation of Clinical Interviews	77
	Diagnostics with Children Needs Training!	77
	Age, Age, Age . . .	78
	Interviews with Preschool Children	78
	Are Children Reliable Informants?	79
	Difficulties in Daily Practice	82
	Difficulties on the Patient’s Side	82
	Difficulties regarding Taxonomy	83
	Difficulties on the Diagnostician’s Side	83
	Everything Perfect? How Often are Structured Interviews used in Clinical Practice?	84
	Summary	85
	References	86
	Chapter 5: Psychological Tests	91
	Introduction	91
	Principles and Properties of Psychological Tests	92
	Types of Psychological Tests	92
	Objective Personality Tests	93
	The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2)	93
	Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III)	95
	The Personality Assessment Inventory	98
	The NEO-PI-R	98
	Conclusion	99
	Projective Clinical Assessment Instruments	99
	Rorschach Inkblot Test	99
	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	99
	Other Instruments	100
	Computer Test Interpretation	100
	Recent Challenges	101
	References	102
	Chapter 6: A Global Perspective on Neuropsychological Assessment	107
	Introduction	107
	Overlapping Histories: Neuropsychological Assessment	108
	Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment	109
	Classification of Behavior and Cognition in Neuropsychological Assessment	111
	Emotionality	112
	Executive Functions	113
	Neuropsychological Assessment: Approaches and Methods	113
	Approaches Emphasizing Qualitative Methods	113
	Approaches Emphasizing Quantitative Methods	114
	Critical Considerations for Neuropsychological Assessment in a Global Society	115
	Interpretation of Neuropsychological Assessment Results	117
	Feedback and Recommendations	119
	Future Directions for Neuropsychological Assessment: A Global Perspective	120
	References	121
	Chapter 7: Culturally Informed Neuropsychological Assessment	125
	Introduction	125
	The Field of Clinical Neuropsychology	125
	Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment	126
	Intelligence	127
	Achievement	129
	Attention	129
	Memory	129
	Language	130
	Executive Functioning	130
	Visual Spatial	131
	Motor Functioning	131
	Crosscultural Considerations in Clinical Neuropsychology	131
	Are Nonverbal Tests Culture Free?	132
	Bilingualism	132
	Translating Tests	133
	Literacy	133
	Norming by Race or Country	134
	Acculturation	134
	Interaction of Different Subject Characteristics	135
	Child Neuropsychology	135
	Reading Disorder: A Lens through which to View Crosscultural Issues	135
	Research Study	136
	Clinical Case Study	137
	Background	137
	Test Performance	137
	Interpretation	138
	Diagnosis and Recommendations	138
	Summary	139
	References	139
	Chapter 8: Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate	145
	Introduction	145
	Defining Evidence-Based Treatments	146
	Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate	147
	Conclusions	154
	References	155
	Chapter 9: Childhood and Adolescent Disorders	161
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	162
	Intellectual Disabilities	162
	Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)	163
	Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)	164
	Attention-Deficit?/?Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	164
	Communication Disorders	165
	Motor Disorders	167
	Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders	168
	Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)	169
	Conduct Disorder (CD)	170
	Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)	170
	Summary	171
	References	172
	Chapter 10: Mood Disorders	179
	Symptomatology and Classification of Mood Disorders	179
	Epidemiology	182
	Depressive Disorders	182
	Bipolar and Related Disorders	183
	Assessment	183
	Treatment	184
	Basic Strategies	184
	Behavioral Activation	186
	Cognitive Therapy	187
	Interpersonal Approaches	188
	Psychological Treatments for Recurrent and Persistent Depression	189
	Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder	190
	Empirical Evidence for the Efficacy of Psychological Treatments in Mood Disorders	191
	Conclusions	192
	References	193
	Chapter 11: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders	199
	Treatment of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders	199
	Overview of Anxiety and OC-related Disorders	199
	Diagnostic Features	199
	Epidemiological Features	200
	Treatment of Anxiety and OC-Related Disorders	203
	Psychoeducation	203
	Motivational Enhancement	203
	Self-Monitoring	204
	Cognitive Strategies	204
	Exposure-Based Strategies	205
	Relaxation-Based Strategies	206
	Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Strategies	207
	Habit Reversal	207
	Social-Skills Training	208
	Problem-Solving Training	208
	Pharmacotherapy	208
	Psychological Treatments for Particular Disorders	209
	Cultural Considerations in Treatment	210
	Summary	211
	References	211
	Chapter 12: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	217
	Definition	217
	Prevalence of PTSD	219
	The Course of PTSD	219
	Comorbidity	220
	Theoretical Models of PTSD	220
	Risk Factors	221
	Treating PTSD	223
	Early Intervention for PTSD	224
	Complex PTSD	225
	Conclusions	226
	References	227
	Chapter 13: Eating Disorders	235
	Psychopathology of Eating Disorders	235
	Classification of Eating Disorders	235
	Epidemiology and Comorbidity	237
	Physical Symptoms and Risks	238
	Differential Diagnosis	238
	Assessment	238
	Development, First Onset and Maintenance Factors	239
	Treatment	241
	Cognitive-affective Preparation for Therapy	241
	Nutritional Management	243
	Improvement in Body Image Disturbances	244
	Enhancement of Stress Management including Interpersonal Conflict Management	245
	Cognitive Interventions	245
	Maintenance of Therapeutic Gains and Prevention of Relapses	246
	Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)	246
	References	247
	Chapter 14: Sexual Dysfunctions	251
	Introduction	251
	Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions	251
	Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions	252
	Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction	253
	Sociodemographic, Relationship and Health Risk Factors	253
	Psychological Factors and Sexual Dysfunction	254
	Trait Factors	254
	Psychological Processing Factors	255
	Psychological Models of Sexual Dysfunction	256
	Masters and Johnson Psychophysiological Model	256
	Barlow’s Cognitive-Affective Model	256
	Nobre’s Cognitive-Emotional Model	257
	Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction	257
	Review of Treatment Outcome Studies for Sexual Dysfunction	259
	Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sexual Dysfunction	260
	Cognitive Restructuring	261
	Brief Summary	261
	References	262
	Chapter 15: Couple Distress	269
	Introduction	269
	What are the Processes that Differentiate Functional Couples from Dysfunctional Ones?	270
	Assessment of the Couples	271
	Goal Setting in Couple Therapy	272
	Couple Therapy: Strategies and Techniques	273
	Difficulties with Promoting Change: Difficulties Encountered during Couple Therapy Practice	273
	Treatment Issues: Couple Therapy	275
	Treatment Approaches for Intervention	275
	Behavioral Approaches	276
	Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Approaches	277
	Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT)	279
	Behavioral Systems Approach to Couple Problems	279
	Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT)	280
	Strategic Approaches and Brief Strategic Couple Therapy (BSCT)	281
	Solution-Focused Approaches and Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT)	281
	Psychoanalytical Approaches	282
	References	282
	Chapter 16: Somatic Symptom Disorders	287
	Introduction	287
	Classifying and Diagnosing SSRD	288
	Diagnostic Categories According to DSM-5, DSM-IV, and ICD-10	288
	Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)	288
	Illness Anxiety Disorder	290
	Other SSRD	290
	Critical Reflection on Changes from DSM-IV, and ICD-10 to DSM-5	291
	Classifying Specific Functional Somatic Syndromes	292
	Specific Cultural Syndromes of Distress	293
	Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions for SSRD	293
	Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)	293
	Other Psychological Interventions for SSRD	299
	Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy	299
	General Practitioner (GP) and Reattribution Training	300
	Empirical Evidence for Psychological Interventions in SSRD	300
	Transcultural Aspects in Psychological Interventions for SSRD	302
	Summary and Conclusion	302
	References	303
	Chapter 17: Psychotic Disorders	309
	Introduction	309
	Description of the Disorder	309
	Symptoms	310
	Diagnostic Criteria	311
	Differential Diagnosis	311
	Comorbid Disorders and Suicidality	312
	Epidemiology, Course of the Disorder and Prognosis	312
	Etiology	313
	Genetic Risk Factors	313
	Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors	313
	Psychosocial Risk Factors	313
	Psychological Models of Explanation: Interplay of Vulnerability, Stressors and Symptoms	314
	Neurochemical Models of Explanation: Excess Dopamine	315
	Integrative Models: Integrating Genes, Environment, Neurochemistry and Cognitive Schema	316
	Assessment	317
	Pharmacological Treatment	317
	Psychological Interventions	319
	Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)	319
	Empirical Evidence for CBTp in Schizophrenia	324
	Family Behavioral Interventions	325
	Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Behavioral Family Interventions	327
	Other Psychological Approaches and their Effectiveness	327
	Summary and Outlook	328
	References	328
	Chapter 18: Neurobiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders	335
	Introduction	335
	Mood Disorders	338
	Depression	338
	Bipolar Disorders	340
	Psychotic Disorders	340
	Anxiety Disorders	342
	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)	343
	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	343
	Somatic Symptom Disorders	344
	Substance-Related Disorders	344
	Alcohol Addiction	344
	Opioid Addiction	345
	Dependence on Prescription Drugs	345
	Eating Disorders	345
	Personality Disorders	346
	Borderline Personality Disorder	346
	Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)	346
	Dementia	347
	Sleep Disorders	347
	Attention-Deficit?/?Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	347
	Summary	348
	References	349
	Chapter 19: Mindfulness-Based Interventions	353
	Popular Mindfulness-Based Interventions	353
	Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction	353
	Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy	354
	Application of Mindfulness in Mental Health Care	354
	Psychoeducation Example	355
	Meditation Practice Example	355
	Inquiry Example	356
	Homework Example	356
	Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Psychological Disorders	356
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	356
	Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders	357
	Bipolar and Related Disorders	358
	Depressive Disorders	358
	Anxiety Disorders	359
	Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders	360
	Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders	360
	Feeding and Eating Disorders	361
	Sleep-Wake Disorders	362
	Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders	362
	Neurocognitive Disorders	363
	Discussion	364
	Acknowledgments	366
	References	366
	Chapter 20: Internet-Based Treatments	373
	Introduction	373
	Are Internet Treatments Effective?	374
	The “How” Question	375
	A Research Agenda for the World?	376
	Challenges for the Future	377
	Summary	379
	References	379
	Chapter 21: Virtual Reality	387
	Introduction	387
	Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Different Psychological Disorders and Health Problems	388
	Virtual Reality as an Ecological Context for Assessing Human Behavior	389
	Virtual Reality as a Realistic Laboratory Setting for Psychopathology	391
	Mood-Induction Procedures	391
	Study of Cognitive Biases	391
	Study of Psychotic Phenomena	392
	Study of the Self and Embodiment Processes	393
	Virual Reality Developments for the Treatment of Different Mental and Health Conditions	393
	Specific Phobias	394
	Social Anxiety Disorder	395
	Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia	395
	Generalized Anxiety Disorder	396
	Stress-Related Disorders	396
	Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Health Conditions	398
	Future Perspectives and Ethical Implications of VR	399
	Summary	400
	References	400
	Chapter 22: Working Alliance	409
	Measurement	410
	California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales (CALPAS	410
	Penn Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAq	410
	Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale (VTAS	410
	Working Alliance Inventory (WAI)	410
	Evidence for Relations with Outcome	410
	Temporal Precedence	412
	Impact of Alliance Rater and Time of Assessment	412
	Adapting Working Alliance Based on Patient Characteristics	413
	Evidence for Patient Characteristics in Alliance Research	414
	Further Critique	414
	Patient Matching	415
	The Therapeutic Relationship is More Than the Working Alliance: The Case of Cognitive Behavior Therapy	415
	Collaboration	416
	Conclusion	417
	References	417
	Chapter 23: Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments	425
	Why do we Need Culturally Adapted Treatments?	426
	How to Adapt: Develop New Treatments or Modify what Works?	427
	Evidence for Efficacy of Cultural Adaptation: What to Adapt	428
	A Model of Anxiety Generation across Cultural Contexts	429
	How to Culturally Adapt Treatment?	431
	Key Treatment Targets	431
	Psychoeducation and Treatment Engagement	432
	Teaching Emotion Regulation in a Culturally Appropriate Way	434
	Culturally Appropriate Exposure	435
	Summary	437
	References	437
	Index	445
	EULA	466