In Memoriam	5
	Foreword	7
	Preface	9
	Contents	14
	What Is Industrial Chemistry	18
	Section 1: Raw Materials for the Chemical Process Industries	27
	Petroleum and Its Products	28
	Introduction	28
	What Is Petroleum?	28
	Primary Energy Sources Versus Energy Vectors.	29
	Petroleum Products	30
	People and Petroleum: A History	30
	Ancient Times	30
	After the Eighteenth Century	33
	Modern Petroleum Industry	38
	Companies	38
	Reserves	38
	Consumption	39
	How Long Will It Last?	39
	Untapped Sources of Energy: Conservation and Production Efficiency	41
	Other Fossil Hydrocarbons	42
	Natural Gas and Condensate	42
	Bitumen, Asphalt, Tar	42
	Coal and Kerogen	42
	Properties of Petroleum	43
	Density, Distillation, and Elemental Composition	43
	Molecular Composition	45
	Paraffins	46
	Hydrocarbon Ring Compounds (Naphthenes and Aromatics)	46
	Heteroatom Compounds	47
	Continuity Principle	48
	Crude Assay	50
	Origin of Petroleum	50
	Petroleum System	50
	Exploration	51
	Drilling and Production	53
	Drilling	53
	Directional and Horizontal Drilling	53
	Completion	54
	Production	55
	Well Stimulation	55
	Fracking to Produce Hydrocarbons from Tight Formations	56
	Heavy Oil and Bitumen Production	56
	Kerogen Conversion	56
	Refining	57
	Refinery Configuration Overview	57
	Crude Treatment, Crude Distillation, and Top-of-the Barrel Processing	57
	Upgrading Residue	58
	Product Blending	58
	Plantwide Systems	61
	The Need for Conversion	62
	Petroleum Refining Chemistry	62
	Olefins: Saturation and Polymerization	62
	Aromatics and Naphthenes: Saturation, Dehydrogenation, and Condensation	62
	Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)	64
	Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN)	67
	Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO)	67
	Hydrodemetalation (HDM)	67
	Hydrogenative Removal of Microcarbon (HDCCR)	69
	Conversion	69
	Chemistry of Conversion via Thermal Cracking	69
	FCC Chemistry (Catalytic Cracking)	70
	Hydrocracking Chemistry (Catalytic)	72
	Comparison of Catalytic and Thermal Cracking	72
	Alkylation Chemistry	72
	Catalytic Reforming Chemistry	72
	Isomerization Chemistry	74
	SMR (Steam-Hydrocarbon Reforming) Chemistry	74
	Acid/Base Treating	75
	Claus Process Chemistry	76
	Mercaptan Oxidation Chemistry	77
	Catalytic NOx Removal Chemistry	77
	Reaction Thermochemistry	77
	Petroleum Refining Processes	77
	Crude Oil Preprocessing	77
	Crude Distillation	79
	Solvent Refining	80
	Solvent Deasphalting	80
	Solvent Extraction	81
	Solvent Dewaxing	81
	Wax Deoiling	81
	Visbreaking	81
	Coking	82
	Delayed Coking	82
	Fluid Coking	83
	Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)	83
	FCC Feed Pretreating	83
	FCC SOx Transfer Additives	84
	FCC Heat Balance	84
	Residue FCC	85
	FCC Gasoline Post-treating	85
	Hydroprocessing	85
	Hydrotreating	85
	Fixed-Bed Hydrocracking	86
	Ebullated Bed Hydrocracking (EBHC)	87
	Slurry-Phase Hydrocracking (SPHC)	91
	Catalytic Reforming	92
	Isomerization	93
	Alkylation	94
	Modified Claus Process	94
	Petroleum Refining Catalysts	95
	Catalyst Manufacturing	96
	Catalyst Deactivation	98
	Spent Catalyst Handling	99
	Petroleum Refinery Products	99
	Product Specifications	99
	Gasoline	100
	Octane	100
	Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)	100
	Gasoline Blending	100
	Reformulated Gasoline (RFG)	101
	Gasoline Additives	102
	Ethanol in Gasoline.	102
	Diesel Fuel	103
	Cetane Number	103
	Other Diesel Properties	104
	Diesel Additives	104
	Kerosene and Jet Fuel (Turbine Fuel)	104
	Lube Base Stocks	106
	Waxes	106
	Greases	106
	Asphalt	106
	Road-Paving Asphalt	107
	Roofing Asphalt	107
	Protecting Workers	107
	History	107
	Modern Worker Protection Laws and Agencies	108
	Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)	108
	Protecting the Environment	109
	Air Quality	109
	Particulate Matter	110
	Carbon Monoxide	110
	Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Oxides	110
	Nitrogen Oxides, VOC, and Ground-Level Ozone	111
	Stratospheric Ozone [69]	111
	Greenhouse Gases [71, 72]	111
	Global CO2 and Temperature Balances	111
	Climate Change	112
	Wastewater	112
	Wastewater in Petroleum Processing	113
	Solid Waste Handling	114
	Solid Wastes in Petroleum Production and Processing	115
	Recent Laws	115
	Fires, Spills, and Explosions	115
	Amoco Cadiz: Oil Spill	115
	BP Texas City: Refinery Explosion	116
	Lac-Mégantic Quebec, Canada: Oil Train Derailment [83]	116
	Deepwater Horizon Drilling Rig Blowout [84]	117
	Root Causes and Recommendations	118
	Conclusions	118
	References	119
	Coal Technology for Power, Liquid Fuels, and Chemicals	122
	Introduction	122
	Origin and Classification of Coal	125
	Coal Structure	126
	Coal Composition and Analyses	129
	Coal Mining and Preparation	131
	Surface Mining	131
	Underground Mining	132
	Coal Preparation	133
	Coarse-Coal Cleaning	134
	Medium-Coal Cleaning	135
	Fine-Coal Cleaning	135
	Chemical Coal Cleaning	137
	Coal Utilization	137
	Environmental Concerns Related to Coal Use	137
	Combustion	137
	Combustion Equipment	138
	Boiler Types	144
	Combustion Going Forward	144
	Pollution Controls	145
	Pollution	146
	Advances in Combustion Technology	146
	Chemical Looping	147
	Coke Production	148
	Combustion Future	148
	Nonrecovery Cokemaking	148
	By-Product Coke Production	149
	Mild Gasification	151
	Gasification	151
	Chemistry of Coal Gasification	152
	Types of Coal Gasifiers	154
	Gasification for Power Generation	157
	Description of Selected Gasification Processes	159
	Underground	166
	Biomass Gasification	167
	Future of Gasification	167
	Coal Liquefaction	168
	Pyrolysis-Based Processes	168
	Factors Affecting Coal Pyrolysis	168
	Utilization and Characterization of Pyrolysis Products	170
	Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL)	171
	Chemistry of Direct Coal Liquefaction	172
	Solvent Refined Coal (SRC-I and SRC-II)	175
	Exxon Donor Solvent Process (EDS)	176
	H-Coal Process	178
	German IGOR Process	178
	H-Tech	179
	Pyrosol Process	180
	British Coal Liquid Solvent Extraction	180
	Two-Stage Process	181
	Direct Coal Liquefaction and the Future	182
	Indirect Coal Liquefaction	182
	Fischer-Tropsch	183
	Indirect Coal Liquefaction and the Future	186
	Methanol	187
	Methanol to Gasoline: The Mobil Process	187
	CTL Summary	188
	Petrochemical Feedstocks	189
	Chemicals from Coal	190
	Examples of Chemicals Production from Coal	192
	References	193
	Natural Gas	199
	Characteristics	199
	Occurrence of Natural Gas	202
	Evolution of the US Natural Gas Industry	203
	US Marketed Production [5-7]	205
	Natural Gas Liquids	206
	US Natural Gas Reserves	207
	Structure of the US Natural Gas Industry	207
	World Natural Gas	209
	Gas-to-Liquid Technology	210
	Preparing Natural Gas for Transmission and Sale	211
	Processing for Liquid Recovery	215
	A New Potential Source for Natural Gas	218
	Methane Conversion Processes	219
	Indirect Conversion via Syngas	219
	Indirect Conversion via Nonsyngas Intermediates	220
	Direct Methane Conversion to Hydrocarbons and Chemical Derivatives	220
	Oxidative Coupling to Higher Hydrocarbons	220
	Partial Oxidation to Chemical Derivatives	222
	Pyrolysis or Cracking	222
	Other Direct Conversion Processes	223
	Methane Ammoxidation	223
	Methane Reductive Nitrilization	223
	A Different View of the Origins of Natural Gas	224
	Natural Gas from Biological Origins	224
	Natural Gas from Nonbiological Origins	225
	Natural Gas Release from Lower Crust and Mantle Domains	225
	Summary for Methane and Natural Gas Future Sourcing	226
	References	227
	Wood and Wood Products	228
	Introduction	228
	Chemical Composition of Wood	230
	Cellulose	230
	Hemicelluloses	230
	Lignin	232
	Extractives	232
	Major Uses of Wood	233
	Wood Structure	233
	Wood Cells	235
	Cell Wall Composite	238
	Pulp and Paper Products	239
	Wood Preparation	241
	Mechanical Pulping	243
	Semichemical pulping	245
	Chemical Pulping	245
	Kraft Process	246
	Pre-hydrolysis Kraft (PHK) Process	251
	Sulfite Process	251
	Organosolv Pulping	253
	Bleaching of Wood Pulp	255
	Stock Preparation	256
	Papermaking Process	257
	Furnishing and Converting	260
	Chemical Commodities Associated with Paper Industry	260
	Paper and Paperboard	261
	Cellulose Products	261
	Products from Sulfite Pulping Liquor	261
	Products from Kraft Pulping Liquor	261
	Board and Structural Materials	262
	Lumber	262
	Laminated Timber	263
	Wood-Based Composite Panels	263
	Wood-Polymer or Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC)	266
	Modifications of Wood	267
	Wood Preservation	269
	Preservative Chemicals	269
	Nonconventional Wood Preservation	270
	Fire-Retardant Treatment of Wood	271
	Fire-Retardant Formulations	271
	Conversion of Wood to Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals	272
	Pretreatments of Wood	273
	Direct Combustion	274
	Saccharification	275
	Fermentation	279
	Thermal Decomposition	280
	Carbonization	281
	Torrefaction	282
	Pyrolysis	282
	Gasification	283
	Liquefaction	285
	Chemical Conversion	285
	Chemicals from Extractives	286
	Wood Resins	287
	Tannins	289
	Medicinal	291
	Biotechnology	291
	Genetic Modification of Trees	291
	Enzymatic Deinking	292
	Biomechanical Pulping	292
	Biobleaching	292
	Biofuels and Bioproducts Conversion	292
	References	292
	Biomass Conversion	297
	An Introduction to Biomass and the Biorefinery	297
	What Is Biomass?	297
	The Structure and Composition of Biomass	298
	Converting Biomass into Energy and Other Products	300
	Biological Versus Thermochemical Processing	300
	The Biorefinery	302
	Biomass, Fossil Energy Savings, and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation	302
	Life-Cycle Assessments of Biopower	303
	Life-Cycle Assessments of Biofuels	304
	Cost Projections for Fuels and Power From Biomass	305
	The Competitiveness of Biopower	305
	The Competitiveness of Biofuels	305
	Biomass as a Sustainable and Substantial Energy Source	307
	Biomass as a Substantial Source of Energy: Balancing the Demands on Our Land	307
	Microbial Bioethanol Production	310
	Ethanol Fermentation Schemes	310
	Metabolic Pathway Engineering	312
	Performance Assessment	313
	Future Directions	313
	Biomass Analysis and Compositional Variability	314
	The Importance of Reliable Compositional Data	314
	The Need for Accurate, Real-Time Biomass Analysis Methods	315
	Heterogeneity and Variance in Biomass Analysis	315
	Sources of Variance	316
	Genetic Factors That May Contribute to Cell Wall Compositional Variability	317
	Environmental Factors That May Contribute to Variance	319
	Analytical Variance	319
	Portfolio Methods	319
	Wet Chemical Methods	320
	Extractives Determination	323
	Carbohydrate Determination	323
	Lignin Determination	324
	Protein Determination	332
	Other Feedstock Constituents	333
	Degradation Products	333
	Reconstructing the Composition of the Original Biomass Sample	333
	Rapid Analytical Methods	333
	Application of Methods	335
	Biomass Process Monitoring and Improvement	335
	Survey of Corn Stover Compositional Diversity	335
	Genetic Screening and Cell Wall Genomics	337
	Future Applications	339
	Summary and Conclusions	340
	Biocatalysts for Biomass Deconstruction	340
	Summary of Plant Cell Wall Structure	340
	Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides	341
	Cellulases	343
	Endoglucanases	344
	Exoglucanases	344
	Endoglucanases and beta-Glucosidases	344
	Non-hydrolytic Cellulose Degrading Enzymes	347
	Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMO)	347
	Total Cellulase Activity Measurements	348
	The IUPAC Filter Paper Assay	348
	General Non-IUPAC Cellulases Assays	349
	Mathematical Modeling	350
	Endocellulase Activity Measurement	350
	Viscometric Assays	350
	Exocellulase Activity Measurements	351
	beta-Glucosidase Activity Measurements	351
	Hemicellulases	352
	General Hemicellulase Assays	352
	Hemicellulose Debranching Enzymes	353
	Hemicellulose Depolymerization Enzymes	354
	Pectinases	356
	Innovative Assays for High-Throughput Screening of Carbohydrate Active Enzymes	357
	Colorimetic Assays	358
	FACS-Based Assay	358
	Mass Spectrometry-Based Assay	359
	Microarray-Based Assay	360
	Chemical Catalysis for Biomass Deconstruction	360
	Introduction	360
	Scope of the Review	362
	Separation of Biopolymers from Biomass Raw Materials	363
	Dilute Acid Pretreatments	363
	Solvent Separation Processes	363
	Deacetylation and Mechanical Processes	364
	Steam Explosion and Related Processes	365
	The Kraft Process	365
	Deconstruction of Biorefinery Raw Materials and Biopolymers to Monomeric Products	366
	Polymeric Carbohydrate Hydrolysis Processes	366
	Carbohydrate Pyrolysis	367
	Carbohydrate Oxidation	367
	Carbohydrate Dehydration	368
	Lignin Deconstruction	370
	Conclusions	371
	Thermochemical Biomass Conversion	371
	Introduction	371
	Pyrolysis	375
	Fast Pyrolysis	376
	Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis	378
	Bio-Oil Upgrading	379
	Slow Pyrolysis	379
	Gasification	379
	Gasifier Reactor Designs	380
	Biomass-Gasification Product Gas	382
	Syngas Cleanup and Conditioning	383
	Biomass-Derived Syngas Utilization	385
	Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle	386
	Fuel Cell Applications	386
	Syngas to Liquid Fuels	387
	Combustion	388
	Co-Firing	390
	References	392
	Section 2: Industrial Organic Chemistry	432
	Synthetic Organic Chemicals	433
	Introduction	434
	Chapter Background	434
	Chapter Organization	435
	Chemical Raw Materials and Feedstocks	437
	Background	437
	C2-C3 Light Olefins [21-25]	439
	C6-C8 Aromatics: BTX [38-42]	446
	C4 Hydrocarbons: Butanes, Butenes, Butadiene [55-59]	448
	C9-C17 Paraffins [67-69]	452
	Synthesis Gas [70-78]	452
	Minor Feedstocks: Methane and Acetylene	459
	Downstream Derivatives	460
	Manipulation of Hydrocarbons: Oligomerization, Metathesis, Alkylation	460
	Oligomerization	460
	Linear ?-Olefins [82-85]	460
	Metathesis [86]	461
	Alkylation [93, 94]	465
	Chemistry	465
	Ethylbenzene [95-99]	466
	Cumene and Diisopropylbenzene [100-104]	467
	Higher Alkylbenzenes [105-108]	468
	Oxidation	468
	Chemistry [109-116]	468
	Homogeneous Aromatic Oxidations	469
	Terephthalic, Isophthalic, Trimellitic Acids [125-127]	469
	Benzoic Acid [129, 130]	473
	Phthalic Anhydride [131-134]	473
	Peroxidations of Secondary or Tert-Alkyl Benzene Derivatives	474
	Phenol/Acetone or MEK and Hydroquinone/Acetone [136-141]	474
	Hydroperoxide Coproduct Processes for Propylene Oxide	476
	Styrene/Propylene Oxide Coproduction [143]	476
	Tert-Butanol/Propylene Oxide Coproduction [144]	477
	Ethylene Oxide [145-150]	477
	Wacker Oxidation: Acetaldehyde [155-159]	478
	Acrolein/Acrylic Acid and Methacrolein/Methacrylic Acid [163-166]	481
	KA Oil: Cyclohexanone/Cyclohexanol [167-169]	482
	Maleic Anhydride [170-173]	483
	Formaldehyde [175-180]	483
	Esters via Oxidative Acetylation of Olefins, VAM [183-187]	484
	Oxidation of Aldehydes to Acids [188]	485
	Carbonylation	487
	Chemistry	487
	Acetic Acid [189-194]	487
	Acetic Anhydride [195-197]	489
	Methyl Formate [198]	490
	Methyl Propionate [200-202]	491
	Koch Acids	492
	Hydroformylation [203-208]	492
	Chemistry	492
	Lower C2-C5 Olefins	496
	Higher Oxo: Detergent Alcohols [212]	497
	Chlorination [213, 214]	497
	Chemistry	497
	Chloromethanes [217-219]	500
	Chloroaromatics [220-222]	501
	1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) and Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) [223-226]	501
	Chloroethanes [227-229]	503
	Propylene Oxide via Propylene Chlorohydrin [230, 231]	504
	Epichlorohydrin [233, 234]	504
	Condensation	505
	Aldol Condensation [235-237]	505
	Chemistry	505
	MIBK, Diacetone Alcohol (DAA), and Mesityl Oxide (MO) [238-240]	507
	Neopentyl Polyhydric Alcohols [241, 242]	508
	2-Ethylhexanal [243, 244]	509
	Tishchenko Reactions: Ethyl Acetate and 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol Derivatives [245-247]	509
	Mannich Base Condensation: Methacrolein [248, 249]	510
	Condensation of Formaldehyde with Acetylene: 1,4-Butanediol [250, 251]	511
	Bis-Hydroxyaryl Alkanes: Bisphenol a [252-254]	511
	Hydration/Hydrolysis/Dehydration/Alcoholysis	512
	Hydration of Olefins: Ethanol, Isopropanol, Sec-Butanol, Tert-Butanol [255-259]	512
	Hydrolysis of Epoxides and Carbonates: Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol, and Higher Analogues [261, 262]	513
	Alcoholysis of Epoxides: Glymes and Ether Alcohols [263-267]	514
	Dehydration of Acetic Acid: Ketene [195, 268-271]	514
	Esterification and Related Reactions [273-277]	516
	Chemistry	516
	Low-Boiling Esters	516
	High-Boiling Esters	518
	Methyl Acetate [280]	519
	Plasticizer Esters	519
	Esterifications with Anhydrides	519
	Hydrogenation [282-285]	520
	Chemistry	520
	Methanol [287-291]	521
	Aromatic Ring Saturation: Cyclohexane [292-294]	522
	?,beta-Unsaturated Carbonyls to Saturated Ketones and Aldehydes [295, 296]	523
	Aldehydes and Ketones to Alcohols [297, 298]	523
	Esters to Alcohols: Dimethyl Maleate to gamma-Butyrolactone, THF, and 1,4-Butanediol [300-303]	524
	Esters to Alcohols: Dimethyl Terephthalate to 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol [304]	525
	Dehydrogenation [305-307]	525
	Chemistry	525
	Butenes and 1,3-Butadiene [310-312]	526
	Internal Olefins from Higher n-Alkanes [313, 314]	527
	Styrene from Ethylbenzene [315-318]	528
	Dehydrogenation of Alcohols: MEK, Acetone, and Formaldehyde [319-323]	529
	References	530
	Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry	541
	Introduction	542
	Medicinal Chemistry	543
	Research Strategies	545
	Pharmacodynamics	546
	Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity	547
	Drug Delivery	548
	Patents	548
	Clinical Trials	549
	Summary	550
	Cardiovascular Agents	551
	Congestive Heart Failure, Migraine, and Antithrombotic Agents	552
	Metabolic Agents	553
	Hyperlipidemia	553
	Diabetes	554
	Obesity	556
	Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Agents	557
	Antisecretory	557
	Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Urinary Urge Incontinence	558
	Erectile Dysfunction	559
	Pulmonary Agents	559
	Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis	559
	Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis	560
	Cystic Fibrosis	561
	Inflammation and Osteoporosis	562
	Arthritis	562
	Osteoporosis	562
	Central Nervous System Agents	563
	Antidepressants	563
	Anxiolytics	563
	Bipolar Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Epilepsy	564
	Alzheimer´s Disease	564
	Smoking Cessation and Insomnia	565
	Infectious Diseases	565
	Antibacterial Agents	565
	Antifungal Agents	567
	Antiviral Agents	568
	Antineoplastic Agents	571
	Miscellaneous Agents	573
	Glaucoma and Nausea	573
	Analgesics	574
	Biologics	574
	Drug Discovery Strategies and Technologies	575
	Fragment-Based Drug Design	575
	Small-Molecule High-Throughput Synthesis	575
	Discovery Libraries	575
	Targeted Libraries	577
	Optimization Libraries	578
	Target Screening of Virtual Libraries	579
	Chemical Process RandD in the Pharmaceutical Industry	579
	Introduction	579
	Challenges	579
	Patient Safety	579
	Process Safety: Exposure	580
	Process Safety: Thermochemistry	580
	Form and Powder Properties	581
	Process Greenness	581
	Scale-Up Versus the Lab	581
	Analytical and In-Process Controls	582
	Teamwork	582
	Development Tools	583
	Robustness	583
	Evolving Process Requirements	584
	An Example of Small-Molecule Process Development	585
	Conclusion	588
	References	589
	Manufacture of Dye Intermediates, Dyes, and Their Industrial Applications	590
	Introduction	590
	Manufacture of Dye Intermediates	590
	Mechanism of Electrophilic Reagents	591
	Mechanism of Nucleophilic Reagents	591
	Orientation Rules and Effects	591
	Orientations in the Benzene Nucleus	592
	Orientations in the Naphthalene Nucleus	592
	Orientations in the Anthraquinone Nucleus	592
	Fundamental Processes in Dye Chemistry	593
	Sulfonation	593
	Sulfonation of Benzene	593
	Sulfonation of Toluene	593
	Sulfonation of Aniline	594
	Sulfonation of Naphthalene	594
	Sulfonation of beta-Naphthol	594
	Sulfonation of Anthraquinone	594
	Nitration	596
	Nitration of Benzene	596
	Nitration of Toluene	596
	Nitration of Phenol	596
	Nitration of Naphthalene	597
	Nitration of 1-Naphthol and 2-Naphthol	597
	Nitration of 1-Naphthylamine and 2-Naphthylamine	599
	Nitration of Anthraquinone	599
	Reduction	599
	Reduction of Nitrobenzene	600
	Reduction of o-Nitroaniline	600
	Reduction of o-Nitrophenol	600
	Reduction of 1-Nitronaphthalene	600
	Reduction of 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol and Methyl Orange	600
	Reduction of 1-Nitroanthraquinone	600
	Amination	601
	Amination of Chlorobenzene	601
	Amination of 2-Naphthol	602
	Amination of Anthraquinone-1-sulfonic acid, Anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, 2-Chloroanthraquinone and 2,3-Dichloroanthraquinone	602
	Hydroxylation	603
	Hydroxylation of Benzenesulfonic acid and Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid	603
	Hydroxylation of Anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid	603
	Hydroxylation of 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene and 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene	603
	Hydroxylation of m-Nitroaniline	604
	Hydroxylation of 1-Naphthylamine and 2-Naphthylamine	604
	Oxidation	605
	Oxidation of 4-Nitrotoluene and 2-Chlorotoluene	605
	Oxidation of 2-Methylnaphthalene	606
	Oxidation of Naphthalene and Anthracene	606
	Halogenation	606
	Chlorination of Toluene	606
	Bromination of Benzene	606
	Chlorination of Naphthalene	606
	Bromination of Naphthalene	607
	Chlorination of Anthraquinone, 2-Methylanthraquinone, and Bromination of 1-Aminoanthraquinone	607
	Diazotization and Coupling	607
	Direct Diazotization	609
	Inverted or Indirect Diazotization	609
	Diazotization of Weakly Basic Amines	609
	Diazotization in Organic Solvents	609
	Aromatic Diazo Components	609
	Heterocyclic Diazo Components	610
	Coupling	611
	Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds	612
	Aromatic Amines	613
	Aromatic Aminophenols, Aminophenolsulfonic Acids, Aminonaphtholsulfonic Acids	614
	Aromatic N,N-Dialkylsubstituted Aryl Amines	614
	Compounds with Reactive Methylene Group	615
	Heterocyclic Coupling Components	615
	Replacement of Diazo Group by Other Groups	616
	Dyeing	616
	Synthetic Dyes	618
	Development of US Dyestuff Industry	618
	Textile Fibers	621
	Natural Fibers	621
	Regenerated Fibers	622
	Synthetic Fibers	622
	Classification of Dyes	623
	Acid Dyes	624
	Acid Monoazo Dyes	624
	Acid Disazo Dyes	629
	Acid Anthraquinone Dyes	630
	Basic Dyes	632
	Localized or Pendant Cationic (Basic) Dyes	632
	Delocalized Cationic (Basic) Dyes	633
	Direct Dyes	634
	Direct Monoazo Dyes	634
	Direct Disazo Dyes	635
	Direct Trisazo Dyes	636
	Direct Triazinyl Dyes	637
	Disperse Dyes	637
	Disperse Azo Dyes	638
	Disperse Monoazo Dyes	638
	Disperse Disazo Dyes	640
	Disperse Quinophthalone Dyes	641
	Disperse Nitro Dyes	641
	Disperse Anthraquinone Dyes	642
	Disperse Anthraquinone Dyes for Polyester Fibers	642
	Disperse Anthraquinone Dyes for Cellulose Esters and Synthetic Polyamide Fibers	643
	Reactive Dyes	644
	Reactive Azo Dyes	645
	Reactive Metal Complex Azo Dyes	646
	Reactive Anthraquinone Dyes	647
	Solvent Dyes	648
	Solvent Azo Dyes	648
	Solvent Anthraquinone Dyes	649
	Sulfur Dyes	650
	Vat Dyes	651
	Vat Indigoid Dyes	652
	Vat Anthraquinonoid Dyes	652
	Manufacture of Dyes	654
	Acid dyes	655
	Synthesis of C.I. Acid Yellow 76	655
	Synthesis of C.I. Acid Blue 129	655
	Synthesis of C.I. Acid Green 25	655
	Basic Dyes	655
	Synthesis of C.I. Basic Yellow 11	655
	Synthesis of C.I. Basic Red 14	655
	Synthesis of C.I. Basic Blue 3	656
	Synthesis of C.I. Basic Blue 22	656
	Direct Dyes	657
	Synthesis of C.I. Direct Red 16	657
	Synthesis of C.I. Direct Blue 67	657
	Synthesis of C.I. Direct Green 13	657
	Disperse Dyes	659
	Synthesis of C.I. Disperse Blue 284 and C.I. Disperse Green 9	659
	Synthesis of C.I. Disperse Yellow 33	659
	Synthesis of C.I. Disperse Yellow 42	659
	Synthesis of C.I. Disperse Blue 60	660
	Reactive Dyes	660
	Synthesis of C.I. Reactive Yellow 4	660
	Synthesis of C.I. Reactive Orange 1	660
	Vat Dyes	661
	Synthesis of Indigo (C.I. Vat Blue 1)	662
	Synthesis of Indigo (C.I. Vat Blue 1)	662
	Synthesis of C.I. Vat Yellow 4 and C.I. Vat Orange 1	662
	Synthesis of Violanthrone (C.I. Vat Blue 20) and C.I. Vat Green 1	663
	Production and Sales	663
	Industrial Applications of Dyes	666
	Textile Applications of Dyes	666
	Fiber Preparation	667
	Dye Bath Preparation	667
	Finishing	668
	Dyeing Methods/Batch	670
	Printing	672
	Pigment Dyeing and Printing	672
	Non-textile Applications of Dyes	673
	Dyes as Acid-Base Indicators (pH Indicators)	673
	Synthesis of Phthalein Dyes/Indicators	674
	Liquid Crystal Dyes	674
	Color Filter Dyes for Displays and Sensors	675
	Ink-Jet Dyes	677
	Continuous Ink-Jet Technology	677
	Drop-on-Demand Ink-Jet Technology	677
	Infrared Absorbing Dyes	678
	Laser Dyes	680
	Photographic Dyes	680
	Hair Dyes	682
	Food Dyes	683
	Biomedical Dyes	684
	References	684
	The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives: Epoxy, Urethane, and Acrylic Adhesives	686
	Introduction	686
	Adhesion	687
	Curing	688
	Adhesion Mechanisms	688
	Surfaces	689
	Epoxy Structural Adhesives	690
	Introduction	690
	Commercial Epoxy Resins	691
	Epoxy Cure Chemistry	695
	Evolution	701
	Summary	701
	Urethane Structural Adhesives	701
	Introduction	701
	Isocyanate Preparation	702
	Isocyanate Reactions	702
	Important Isocyanates	705
	Blocked Isocyanates	707
	Evolution	707
	Summary	708
	Acrylic Structural Adhesives	708
	Introduction	708
	Acrylic Monomers	708
	Curing	709
	Formulation	711
	Summary	713
	Hybrid Adhesives	713
	Evolution	714
	Conclusion	714
	References	715
	The Agrochemical Industry	718
	Introduction	718
	Classification of Pesticides	720
	Insecticides	720
	Classification Based on Mode of Entry	721
	Classification Based on Chemical Class and Mode of Action	721
	Herbicides	721
	Classification Based on Mode of Entry	721
	Classification Based on Application and Crop Selectivity	725
	Classification Based on Chemical Class and Mode of Action	725
	Fungicides	725
	Classification Based on Mode of Entry	729
	Classification Based on Chemical Class and Mode of Action	729
	Pesticide Classification Based on Toxicity	733
	Chemistry of Pesticides	734
	Rationale of Design	734
	Importance of Physico-chemical Properties	734
	Structural Features	735
	Geometric and Optical Isomers	735
	Bioisosterism	736
	Synthesis of Pesticides	737
	Pesticide Formulation	738
	Nanoformulation	738
	Role of Adjuvants in Formulations	739
	Formulation Types and Their Codes [12]	739
	Adjuvant Types with Terms and Definitions	739
	Challenges and Way Forward for Pesticide Industry	741
	Resistance to Pesticides	741
	Spurious Pesticides	746
	Safe Use of Pesticides	746
	Increasing Development and Registration Cost	747
	Registration of Pesticides and Need for Harmonization	747
	Entry of Biotechnology/Transgenic Crops	748
	Delivery Systems and Application Technology	749
	Cleaner Technology and Products	749
	Seed Treatments	750
	Summary	750
	Appendix 1: Products Launched After 2000 and Becoming Off Patent Post 2015	751
	Appendix 2: Regulatory Authorities and Legislation of Some Countries	764
	References	765
	Fertilizers and Food Production	766
	Introduction	767
	Overview of the Fertilizer Industry	771
	Raw Materials for Fertilizer Production	772
	Nitrogen Fertilizers	774
	Natural Organics	774
	Nitrogen Fertilizers from Synthetic Ammonia	775
	Miscellaneous Low-Volume Nitrogen Fertilizers	779
	Phosphate Fertilizers	779
	Natural Organic Phosphate Fertilizers	780
	Fertilizers from Mineral Phosphates	780
	Miscellaneous Low-Volume Phosphate Fertilizers	788
	Potassium Salts	790
	Potassium Minerals	791
	Potassium-Magnesium Minerals	792
	Potassium Sulfate	792
	Potassium Nitrate	792
	Potassium Phosphates	793
	Compound Fertilizers	793
	Nongranular Mixtures	794
	Compound Granulars	795
	Bulk Blends	799
	Fluid Mixtures	801
	Controlled-Release Fertilizers	806
	Physical Quality of Fertilizers	811
	Next Generation of Fertilizers	811
	References	812
	Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Lacquers, and Printing Inks	814
	Introduction	814
	VOC Regulations	816
	West	816
	Southwest	817
	Midwest	817
	East	818
	Hazardous Waste Regulations	818
	Technical Trends in Coatings	819
	Powder Coatings	820
	Electron-Beam (EB) and Ultraviolet (UV) Curable Coatings	821
	Current Automotive Coating Trends	821
	Coatings for Plastics	822
	New Cross-Linking Technologies	823
	Bio-Based Resins	823
	Printing Inks	824
	Pigments	826
	Inorganic Pigments	826
	Organic Pigments	828
	Pearlescent Pigments	829
	Aluminum Pigments	830
	Lacquers	830
	References	831
	Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils, and Waxes	832
	Biotechnology in Agriculture and Processing	832
	Human Survival Is Biotechnology	832
	Genetic Messages	834
	Water Activity	835
	Herbicide- and Insect-Resistant Oilseed Crops	836
	New Generation Biotech Traits	838
	Concerns About Transgenic Crops	838
	Drivers and Tools for the Future	841
	Biotechnology Practices in Soybean Production and Processing	842
	Introduction to Lipids	843
	Recent Fats and Oils Industry Changes	844
	AOCS, an Information Source	844
	Nutrition and Health Implications	845
	Nomenclature and Molecular Structures	846
	General	846
	Fatty Acids	846
	Triacylglycerols	852
	Oxidation	853
	Biohydrogenation and Conjugated Linoleic Acids	854
	Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Melting Characteristics	855
	Polymorphism and Crystal Types	856
	Other Lipids	858
	Waxes	858
	Terpenes	859
	Sterols	860
	Fat-Soluble Vitamins	862
	Phosphatides	863
	Fats and Oils Sources and Consumption	864
	Production	864
	Changes in Sources	865
	Consumption	867
	Extraction of Fats and Oils	868
	Basic Processes	868
	Screw Press Operations	868
	Decanters and Centrifuges	869
	Olive Oil	870
	Coconut Oil	870
	Palm Oil	871
	Animal Fats and Fish Oils	873
	Extraction of Lards and Tallows	873
	Inedible Animal Products	874
	Restaurant Greases	874
	Animal Fat Specifications, Production, and Utilization	874
	Fish Oils	875
	Feeding Animal and Marine Fats	875
	Row Crop Oilseeds Processing	877
	Extraction Plants	877
	Seed Preparation for Extraction	878
	Solvent Extractors	882
	Solvents	882
	Desolventizing-Toasting	886
	Miscella Refining	886
	Refining of Vegetable Fats and Oils	887
	Oil Receiving and Handling	887
	Phosphatides Degumming and Lecithin Uses	888
	Alkali Neutralization	891
	Silica Gel Adsorption	893
	Bleaching	893
	Nano Neutralization Technology: Vegetable Oil Processing	894
	Oils and Fats Modification	895
	Solid Fat Index/Solid Fat Content	895
	Thermal Fractionation	897
	Hydrogenation	899
	Interesterification	901
	Deodorization/Physical Refining	906
	Notes on Major Row Crop Oilseeds	909
	Soybean	909
	Cottonseed	910
	Rapeseed/Canola	910
	Sunflower Seed	911
	Peanut	911
	Trans Fats Nutritional Labeling	912
	Edible Uses of Fats and Oils	914
	Antioxidants	914
	Nonionic Surfactants and Emulsifiers	916
	Table Oils	916
	Frying Oils	917
	Specialty Oils	920
	Margarines and Spreads	921
	Shortenings	923
	Other Edible Applications	925
	Industrial Uses of Fats and Oils	925
	Timeline	925
	Chemurgy Revisited	926
	Industrial Oils Utilization	928
	Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, Biodiesel	928
	Other Industrial Applications	932
	Analytical Methods	932
	References	935
	Sugar and Other Sweeteners	942
	Introduction	943
	Sugar Manufacture	944
	History [9]	944
	Raw Sugar Production from Sugarcane	944
	Crystal Quality	957
	Bagasse	958
	Direct Consumption Sugar at a Sugarcane Factory	959
	Edible Products from the Sugarcane Factory	959
	New Technology	959
	Cane Sugar Refining	960
	Affination and Melting	960
	Purification	961
	Decolorization	962
	Crystallization	964
	Remelt Sugar	965
	Packaging and Storing Refined Granulated Sugar	965
	Specialty Sugars	966
	Beet Sugar	968
	Agriculture	968
	Harvesting and Beet Handling	968
	Extraction of the Juice	969
	Juice Purification	969
	Evaporation and Standard Liquor	970
	Extending the Processing Cycle	971
	Thick Juice Storage	971
	Crystallization, Centrifuging, and Drying	971
	Molasses Desugarization	971
	Sugar Recovery from Beet Molasses	971
	Desugarization of Cane Molasses	972
	Process Control and Instrumentation	972
	Cane and Beet Sugar Production	973
	Sugar Consumption and Usage	974
	Derivatives of Sucrose: Sucrochemistry	974
	Sweeteners Derived from Starch	975
	Starch Conversion	975
	Acid Hydrolysis of Starch	976
	Acid-Enzyme Hydrolysis	977
	Enzyme-Enzyme Hydrolysis	977
	Crystalline Dextrose	977
	Crystalline Fructose	977
	High Fructose Corn Syrup	978
	Molasses	978
	Other Sweeteners	979
	Other Natural Sweeteners	980
	Regulation and Trade in Sugar	981
	Environmental Concerns and Sustainability	982
	Issues of Genetic Engineering	982
	References	983
	Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents	988
	Soap and Fatty Acids	989
	Introduction	989
	Chemistry	989
	Manufacturing Technology	990
	Raw Materials	991
	Functional Properties of Soap	992
	Manufacturing Processes	993
	Saponification Reactor	994
	Cooling	995
	Soap Separator	996
	Soap Extraction	997
	Centrifugation	999
	Neutralization	999
	Direct Neutralization	1002
	Carbonate Neutralization	1003
	Partial Neutralizing with Soda Ash	1004
	Carbon Dioxide Separation	1004
	Raw Material Dosing, Caustic Soda Neutralizing	1004
	Completion of Neutralizing with Caustic Soda	1005
	Neutralization Soap Viscosity	1005
	Fatty Acids	1006
	Fractionation and Physical Separation	1006
	Fat Refining	1007
	Fat Splitting Processes	1007
	Fatty Acid Distillation	1011
	Special Separation Methods	1014
	Synthetic Detergents	1015
	Characteristic Features of Surfactants	1016
	Raw Materials for Surfactant Production	1018
	Intermediates for Surfactant Production	1019
	World Surfactant Consumption	1023
	Anionic Surfactants	1024
	Nonionic Surfactants	1029
	Amphoteric Surfactants	1031
	Cationic Surfactants	1032
	Detergent Additives	1032
	Production of Synthetic Detergents	1035
	Agglomeration	1037
	Liquid Detergent Processing	1038
	Detergent Trends	1040
	References	1040
	Chemical Explosives	1042
	Introduction	1042
	Commercial Explosives Market	1043
	Safety and Regulatory	1043
	Delivery Systems	1044
	Chemistry of Combustion and Explosion	1045
	Historical Development	1048
	Classification of Explosives	1049
	Structural Characteristics of Explosives	1050
	Explosives Manufacturing and Use	1053
	TNT	1053
	RDX and HMX	1054
	HNS (2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexanitrostilbene)	1054
	TATB (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene)	1055
	DDNP	1055
	PETN	1055
	NG (Nitroglycerin or Glyercol Trinitrate)	1056
	Packaged Explosives	1056
	Dynamite	1056
	Packaged Emulsions	1057
	Bulk Explosives	1058
	Ammonium Nitrate and ANFO	1058
	Bulk Emulsions	1060
	Underground Bulk Emulsions	1062
	Surface Bulk Emulsions	1063
	Initiation Systems	1065
	History of Initiation Systems	1065
	Boosters	1066
	Non-electric Initiation	1067
	Electronic Detonators	1067
	Explosives in Extreme Environments	1069
	Explosives in Frigid Arctic Conditions	1069
	Explosives in Geothermal Environments	1069
	High Borehole Pressures	1070
	Summary	1070
	References	1071
	The Nuclear Industry	1072
	Introduction	1072
	Status and Outlook	1074
	Nuclear Safety	1078
	The Earth´s Energy Supply and Use	1081
	Nuclear Processes	1084
	Radioactive Decay	1084
	Fission	1085
	Fusion	1087
	Deuterium-Tritium Fusion	1088
	Nuclide Production	1089
	Fission Products	1090
	Neutron Transmutation Products	1091
	Neutron Activation Products	1092
	Charged Particle Transmutation Products	1092
	Reactor Materials Processing	1093
	Isotope Enrichment	1094
	Zirconium Production	1096
	The Uranium Fuel Cycle	1098
	Mining	1098
	Milling	1098
	Fuel Preparation	1100
	Spent Fuel Reprocessing	1106
	Radioactive Waste Management	1110
	Liquid Waste Treatment	1112
	Airborne Waste Treatment	1112
	Solid Waste Treatment	1113
	Storage of Spent Fuel	1114
	Low-Level Waste Disposal	1115
	Transportation of Nuclear Materials	1115
	The Nuclear Reactor	1116
	Light Water Reactors	1118
	CANDU Heavy Water Reactor	1122
	Liquid Metal (Sodium) Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)	1122
	Other Nuclear Reactors	1123
	Radiation Processing	1124
	Radioisotope Applications	1125
	Radiation Sources	1125
	Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators	1126
	Tracers	1126
	Nuclear Medicine	1126
	References	1128
	Status and Outlook	1128
	Nuclear Safety	1128
	The Earth´s Energy Supply and Demand	1128
	Nuclear Processes	1129
	Fission	1129
	Fusion	1129
	Nuclide Production	1129
	Neutron Transmutation Products	1129
	Charged Particle Transmutation Products	1129
	Isotope Enrichment	1129
	The Uranium Fuel Cycle	1129
	Fuel Preparation	1129
	Spent Fuel Reprocessing	1129
	Radioactive Waste Management	1130
	Liquid Waste Treatment	1130
	Storage of Spent Fuel	1130
	Low-Level Waste Disposal	1130
	Transportation of Nuclear Materials	1130
	The Nuclear Reactor	1130
	Light Water Reactors	1130
	CANDU Heavy Water Reactor	1130
	Liquid Metal (Sodium) Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)	1130
	Other Nuclear Reactors	1130
	Radiation Processing	1131
	Radioisotope Application	1131
	Radiation Sources	1131
	Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators	1131
	Nuclear Medicine	1131
	Section 3: Industrial Inorganic Chemistry	1132
	Synthetic Nitrogen Products	1133
	Nitrogen	1133
	Characteristics	1133
	Nitrogen Production Processes	1135
	Nitrogen Fixation	1135
	Nitrogen Oxides	1135
	Ammonia	1136
	Nitrogen Consumption	1137
	Environmental Issues	1139
	Ammonia Production	1141
	Hydrogen Production	1144
	Manufacturing Processes	1146
	Feed Pretreatment	1148
	Prereformer	1148
	Reformers	1148
	Reformer Catalysts	1148
	Reformer Materials of Construction	1149
	Waste Heat Recovery	1150
	Hydrogen Production Costs and Capital Costs	1150
	Other Reforming Processes	1150
	Reliability and Revamps	1150
	Technology Suppliers	1153
	Partial Oxidation Processes	1155
	Technology Suppliers	1155
	Initial Purification of Synthesis Gas	1158
	Alkazid Process	1161
	aMDEA Process	1161
	Benfield Process	1161
	Catacarb Process	1161
	Fluor Solvent Process	1162
	Giammarco-Vetrocoke Process	1162
	HiPure Process	1162
	Purisol Process	1162
	Rectisol Process	1162
	Selexol Process	1162
	Shell Sulfinol Process	1162
	Pressure Washing with Monoethanolamine (MEA)	1162
	Retrofits of CO2 Removal System	1163
	Final Purification of Synthesis Gas	1163
	Compression	1164
	Ammonia Synthesis	1164
	Reaction Rate	1165
	Catalysts	1165
	Energy Efficiency	1167
	Ammonia Plant Design	1168
	Ammonia Separation	1168
	Ammonia Synthesis	1169
	Large-Capacity Ammonia Plants	1169
	Ammonia Production Costs	1169
	Uses of Ammonia	1170
	Chemical Production and Other Uses	1170
	Distribution and Storage	1172
	Ammonia Toxicity	1172
	Ammonia Quality	1172
	Distribution and Storage	1173
	Ammonia Price	1173
	Nitric Acid	1174
	Physical Properties	1174
	Processes	1174
	Uses of Nitric Acid	1182
	Ammonium Nitrate	1183
	Processes	1183
	Production	1185
	Urea	1185
	Processes	1187
	Production	1188
	Storage and Distribution	1188
	Uses	1189
	Melamine	1189
	Processes	1189
	Production	1190
	Uses	1190
	Aliphatic Amines	1192
	Methylamines	1192
	Other Alkylamines	1194
	Production	1195
	Uses	1195
	Ethanolamines and Secondary Products	1195
	Ethanolamine Process	1196
	Secondary Products of Ethanolamine	1197
	Ethylenediamine Production	1198
	Ethylenediamine Uses	1199
	Hexamethylenetetramine (Hexamine)	1199
	Hexamine Processes	1199
	Hydrazine	1199
	Processes	1200
	Hydrogen Cyanide	1203
	Safety	1203
	Manufacture	1205
	Production	1209
	Uses	1209
	Aniline	1210
	Processes	1210
	Other Compounds	1212
	References	1214
	Phosphorus and Phosphates	1219
	Introduction	1219
	Phosphate Rock	1220
	Minerals	1221
	Francolite	1222
	Resources and Ores	1222
	Mining	1223
	Beneficiation	1225
	Production and Value	1228
	Chemical Processing of Phosphate Rock	1230
	Thermal Process for Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid	1230
	Industrial Phosphates	1231
	Wet Process Phosphoric Acid	1232
	Dihydrate Process	1233
	Major Dihydrate Processes	1235
	Hemihydrate Processes for Phosphoric Acid	1237
	Unit Operations	1239
	Superphosphoric Acid	1241
	Wet Process Acid By-products	1242
	Phosphogypsum	1242
	Fluorine Recovery	1243
	Uranium Recovery from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid	1243
	Recovery of Rare Earth Elements (REE) from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid	1244
	Animal Feed Supplements	1244
	Purified Phosphoric Acid	1244
	Environmental Aspects	1245
	References	1246
	Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid	1248
	Sulfur	1248
	Transportation and Storage	1249
	Solidification and Melting	1251
	Development of the Sulfur Industry	1252
	Sulfur Production Processes	1255
	Recovered Sulfur	1256
	Production and Consumption of Sulfur	1257
	Sulfuric Acid	1260
	Uses of Sulfuric Acid	1261
	Development of the Sulfuric Acid Industry	1262
	Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid by the Contact Process	1264
	Sulfur Dioxide Production	1264
	Single Versus Double Contact Process	1267
	Oxidation of SO2	1268
	Absorption of SO3	1268
	Acid Cooling	1268
	Other Modifications to the Sulfuric Process [45]	1269
	Other Sources of Sulfuric Acid	1270
	Production and Consumption of Sulfuric Acid	1270
	References	1272
	Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals	1274
	Sodium Chloride	1274
	Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)	1278
	Sodium Bicarbonate	1281
	Sodium Sulfate	1282
	Other Sulfur Compounds	1284
	Sodium Sulfides	1284
	Sodium Thiosulfate	1285
	Sodium Sulfite	1285
	Sodium Bisulfite	1285
	Sodium Hydrosulfite (Sodium Dithionite)	1286
	Sodium Silicates	1286
	Chlor-Alkali (Chlorine and Caustic Soda)	1288
	Hydrochloric Acid	1299
	Bromine and Sodium Bromide	1301
	Bleaches and Disinfectants	1302
	Sodium Chlorate	1304
	References	1305
	Industrial Gases	1308
	Overview	1308
	Nitrogen	1313
	Oxygen	1314
	Argon	1315
	Hydrogen	1315
	Helium	1322
	Carbon Dioxide	1323
	Liquefied Natural Gas	1326
	Acetylene	1326
	Nitrous Oxide	1328
	References	1328
	Section 4: Polymer Chemistry	1330
	Manufactured Textile Fibers	1331
	Textile Background	1332
	History	1333
	Fiber Consumption	1335
	Rayon	1339
	Chemical Manufacture	1339
	Wet Spinning	1342
	Cuprammonium, Nitrocellulose, and Cellulose Acetate Processes for Rayon	1345
	Cuprammonium Cellulose	1345
	Nitrocellulose and Cellulose Acetate	1345
	Textile Operations	1345
	Spun Yarn	1346
	Modified Viscose Rayon Fibers	1347
	High-Wet-Modulus Rayon	1347
	High Absorbency Rayons	1348
	Other New Developments	1349
	Environmentally Friendly High Wet Strength Rayon: Lyocell	1349
	Cellulose Acetate	1349
	Historical	1349
	Manufacture of Cellulose Secondary Acetate	1350
	Manufacture of Cellulose Triacetate	1352
	Acid Recovery	1352
	Blending of Flake	1352
	Spinning Cellulose Acetate	1353
	Solvent Recovery	1355
	Dope-Dying	1355
	Protein Fibers	1355
	Nylon	1355
	Historical	1355
	Manufacture	1356
	Nylon 66	1356
	Nylon 6	1357
	Melt Spinning	1358
	Drawing	1358
	Other Nylons, Modifications, and New Developments	1360
	Polyesters	1361
	Historical	1361
	Manufacture	1361
	Drawing	1363
	Heat Setting	1363
	Textured Yarns	1364
	Staple Process	1366
	Continuous Filament Yarn Process Variants	1366
	Modifications and New Developments	1367
	Acrylics	1368
	Polymer Manufacture	1368
	Spinning	1369
	Bicomponent or Conjugate Spun Fibers	1371
	Vinyl and Modacrylic Fibers	1372
	Vinyls	1372
	Modacrylics	1373
	Elastomeric Fibers	1374
	Polyolefin Fibers	1375
	Polypropylene	1375
	Synthesis	1377
	Production	1378
	High Molecular Weight Polyethylene	1380
	Routes to High Performance	1380
	Gel Spinning	1381
	Production	1381
	Aramids	1382
	Introduction	1382
	Manufacture	1382
	High Temperature Resistant Fibers	1385
	Meta-Aramid	1385
	PBI	1385
	Polytetrafluoroethylene	1386
	Historical	1386
	Polymer Synthesis	1386
	Fiber Manufacture	1387
	Properties	1387
	Expanded PTFE (ePTFE)	1388
	Glass and Carbon Fibers	1388
	Glass	1388
	Carbon and Graphite Fibers	1390
	Sulfar	1391
	Historical	1391
	Manufacture	1391
	Microdenier and Nano Fibers	1392
	Nanofibers	1393
	Fiber Variants	1394
	Introduction	1394
	Physical Variants	1394
	Chemical Variants	1396
	Polymers, Fibers, and Textiles in Medicine	1398
	Introduction	1398
	Examples of Medical Products and Fibers Used to Produce Them	1398
	Special Fibers Developed Primarily for Use in Medicine	1399
	Assembly Structures Used in Implants	1400
	References	1400
	Suggested Reading	1401
	Synthetic Resins and Plastics	1403
	Introduction	1403
	Definition	1403
	History	1403
	Advantages of Plastics Over Conventional Materials	1404
	Markets for Plastics	1404
	Major Classes of Plastic Materials	1405
	Part I: Polymer Chemistry	1405
	Molecular Weight	1405
	Chain Structure	1406
	Chemical Structure	1407
	Morphology	1407
	Transition Temperatures	1409
	Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)	1409
	Crystallization and Melting Points (Tm)	1410
	Polymerization	1411
	Step Reaction Polymerization	1411
	Chain Reaction Polymerization	1411
	Coordination Polymerization	1414
	Polymerization Methods	1414
	Bulk Polymerization	1415
	Solution Polymerization	1415
	Suspension Polymerization	1416
	Emulsion Polymerization	1416
	Copolymerization	1417
	Random Copolymerization	1417
	Block and Graft Copolymers	1418
	Mechanical Properties	1419
	Viscoelasticity	1419
	Failure Behavior	1420
	Part II: Commercial Plastic Materials	1422
	Classes of Families of Commercial Plastics	1422
	Commodity Thermoplastics	1422
	Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics	1428
	Biopolymers	1434
	Thermoplastic Elastomers	1436
	Thermoset Plastics	1437
	General Considerations	1440
	Structure-Property Relationships	1440
	Additives	1441
	Critical Properties: Challenges to the Plastics Industry	1443
	Fire Performance	1444
	Health and Environment	1444
	Recycling	1444
	Part III: Plastic Processing	1445
	Rheology	1445
	Fundamental Concepts	1445
	Instrumental Measurement of Flow Properties	1446
	Practical Aspects of Polymer Rheology	1446
	Drying	1447
	Extrusion	1447
	Basic Functions	1447
	Major Processes and Products	1449
	Injection Molding	1450
	Introduction	1450
	Injection Molding Cycle	1450
	Variations and Details	1451
	Reaction Injection Molding	1452
	Overview	1452
	Ingredients	1452
	Equipment and Process	1453
	Structural Foam	1453
	Definition	1453
	General Description	1454
	Degree of Expansion	1454
	Benefits	1454
	Problems in Structural Foaming	1454
	Low-Density Foams	1454
	Polyurethane	1455
	Expanded Polystyrene	1455
	Polyvinyl Chloride	1456
	Polyethylene	1456
	Blow Molding	1456
	Thermoforming	1457
	Rotational Molding (``Rotomolding´´)	1458
	Powder Coating	1458
	Fluid Bed Coating	1459
	Electrostatic Fluid Bed	1459
	Electrostatic Spray	1459
	Calendering	1460
	Vinyl Plastisol Processing	1461
	Liquid Casting Processes	1462
	Compression Molding and Transfer Molding	1463
	Reinforced Plastic Processing	1464
	Matched Die Molding Processes	1464
	Open Molding	1465
	Special Processes	1465
	References	1466
	Further Reading	1468
	Rubber	1469
	Introduction	1469
	Rubber Concepts	1470
	Polymer Structure	1471
	Macrostructure	1471
	Molecular Weight	1471
	Molecular Weight Distribution	1471
	Branching	1471
	Microstructure	1472
	Network Structure	1472
	Rubber Properties	1473
	Elasticity: The Retractive Force	1473
	Glass Transition Temperature	1474
	Crystallinity	1474
	Rubber Use	1475
	Compounding	1475
	Curatives	1475
	Reinforcing Agents	1475
	Fillers	1475
	Plasticizers	1475
	Antidegradants	1475
	Processing	1476
	Natural Rubber	1476
	Uses	1477
	Polyisoprene	1478
	Monomer Production	1478
	Polymer Production Process	1479
	Use	1479
	Styrene-Butadiene Rubber	1479
	Monomer Production	1479
	Polymer Production Process	1480
	Emulsion Process	1480
	Solution Process	1482
	Functional Solution SBR	1483
	Polybutadiene (BR)	1484
	Monomer Production	1484
	Polymer Production Process	1484
	Uses	1484
	Ethylene-Propylene Rubber	1486
	Monomer Production	1486
	Polymer Production	1486
	Use	1486
	Butyl Rubber	1487
	Monomer Production	1487
	Production Process	1487
	Properties and Use	1487
	Nitrile Rubber	1487
	Monomer Production	1488
	Polymer Production	1488
	Properties and Use	1488
	Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber	1488
	Uses	1488
	Chloroprene Rubber	1488
	Monomer Production	1489
	Production Process	1489
	Properties and Uses	1489
	Silicone Elastomers	1489
	Monomer Production	1489
	Polymer Production	1490
	Uses	1490
	Polyurethane Rubber	1490
	Raw Materials	1491
	Uses	1491
	Modified Polyethylene Rubbers	1491
	Chlorinated Polyethylene	1491
	Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene	1492
	Thermoplastic Elastomers	1492
	Block Copolymers	1492
	Uses	1493
	Ionomers	1493
	Uses	1494
	Metallocene Elastomers	1494
	Rubber-Plastic Alloys	1494
	Uses	1495
	Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride	1495
	Monomer Production	1495
	Production Process	1495
	Properties and Use	1495
	Fluorocarbon Elastomers	1495
	Uses	1496
	References	1496
	Section 5: Biochemistry	1498
	Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery	1499
	Introduction	1499
	Discovery of Organisms and Molecules	1501
	Microbial Diversity	1501
	Screening and Selection	1502
	Cell Engineering	1503
	Molecular Engineering	1505
	Development of a Production Process	1505
	Strain	1505
	Fermentation Process	1506
	Sterilization	1507
	Microbial Kinetics	1508
	Ideal Types of Fermentors	1509
	Oxygen Transfer Considerations	1512
	Scale-Up/Scale-Down and Control	1513
	Instrumentation, Analytics, and Control	1514
	Recovery of Fermentation Products	1515
	Separation of Proteins and Peptides	1516
	Fermentor Harvest and Primary Recovery	1519
	Formulation	1523
	Whole Cell Recovery	1529
	Separation of Small Molecules and Metabolites	1529
	Regulatory Considerations	1530
	Delivery of Products	1531
	Production Cost	1533
	Variable Cost	1533
	Fixed Cost	1536
	Correlation to Overall Fermentation Cost	1537
	Unifying Metrics	1537
	Organic Acids and Polymers	1538
	Alcohols	1549
	Hydrocarbons	1553
	Advanced Biofuels	1555
	Higher Alcohols	1555
	Biodiesel Production	1556
	Isoprenoid-Based Biofuels	1556
	Carbon Sources for Biofuel Production	1557
	Next-Generation Processes: Fuels from Carbon Dioxide	1558
	Amino Acids	1558
	Vitamins and Nutraceuticals	1563
	Antibiotics	1567
	Biopharmaceuticals	1570
	Enzymes	1571
	Future: Biorefineries	1571
	References	1572
	Industrial Enzymes and Biocatalysis	1575
	Introduction	1575
	Section I: Industrial Enzymes: General Properties	1577
	History of Enzyme Use	1577
	Enzyme Structure and Properties	1578
	Enzyme Classification	1581
	Enzyme Catalysis and Kinetics	1582
	Enzyme Kinetics	1583
	Enzyme Inhibition	1585
	Enzyme Discovery and Engineering	1586
	Enzyme Discovery	1586
	Enzyme Engineering	1588
	Section II: Industrial Enzymes-Properties and Applications	1590
	Proteases	1593
	Protease Applications	1594
	Protease Production	1595
	Amylases	1596
	Amylase Production	1597
	Amylases in Wet and Dry Milling Processes	1597
	Additional Amylase Applications	1598
	Glucose Isomerase	1600
	Cellulases	1601
	Hemicellulases	1601
	Lignocellulose Degradation with Cellulases and Hemicellulases	1602
	Lipases and Esterases	1603
	Phytase	1604
	Oxidoreductases	1605
	Emerging Industrial Enzymes	1605
	Section III: Industrial Biocatalysis	1606
	Biocatalytic Processes	1608
	Immobilized Enzymes	1608
	Kinetics of Immobilized Enzymes	1609
	Current Methods for Large-Scale Immobilization	1610
	Bioreactor Configurations	1613
	Whole-Cell Biocatalysis	1615
	Nonaqueous Biocatalysis	1618
	Novel Media for Biocatalysis	1619
	Products of Biocatalysis	1621
	Fine and Bulk Industrial Chemicals	1621
	Chiral Pharmaceutical Intermediates	1628
	Herbicides	1632
	Carbohydrates	1633
	Future Trends in Biocatalysis	1636
	Products	1636
	Summary and Conclusion	1637
	References	1637
	Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification	1643
	Introduction	1643
	Cells Used for Industrial Production	1645
	Host Cell Lines	1645
	Expression Systems	1647
	Identifying High-Expressing Clonal Cells	1648
	Cell Banking	1649
	Cell Stability	1650
	Media	1650
	Commercial Serum-Free Media	1651
	Approaches for Serum-Free Medium Development	1652
	Chemically Defined Media Development	1653
	Bioreactor Systems	1654
	Stirred Tank Systems	1654
	Disposable Bioreactors	1655
	Modes of Bioreactor Operation	1656
	Cell Culture Process and Control	1657
	Process Parameters	1657
	Mitigating Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress	1657
	Fed-Batch Process Control and Optimization	1659
	Perfusion Process Control and Optimization	1659
	Scale-Up of Mammalian Cell Bioreactors	1660
	Purification Process	1661
	Platform Purification Processes	1661
	Cell Culture Harvest and Clarification	1663
	Capture Chromatography	1665
	Removal of Impurities	1665
	Virus Filtration	1667
	Product Formulation by Ultrafiltration, Diafiltration, and Sterile filtration	1667
	Strategies for Scaling Up Purification Process	1668
	References	1669
	Section 6: Emerging Fields of Industrial Chemistry	1674
	Nanoparticles: From Fundamentals to Applications	1675
	Introduction	1675
	What Is Nano?	1676
	History	1677
	A New Realm of Matter	1678
	Synthesis	1679
	Solvated Metal Atom Dispersion (SMAD) Method for the Preparation of Nanoparticles	1679
	Gold (Au) Nanoparticles	1681
	Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles	1683
	Semiconductor Nanoparticles	1685
	Metal Oxide Nanoparticles	1686
	Modified Aerogel Procedure	1687
	Mixed Metal Oxide Nanoparticles	1690
	Selected Applications of Nanoparticles	1691
	Catalysis: Dechlorination and Dehydrochlorination	1691
	Destructive Adsorption of Chemical Warfare (CW) Agents	1692
	Photocatalytic Degradation of Organics	1692
	Commercial Products	1693
	Conclusions	1693
	References	1694
	Electrochemical Energy Storage: Current and Emerging Technologies	1696
	Introduction	1697
	Fundamental Science of Electrochemical Storage	1698
	Charging Conditions and Termination	1702
	Theoretical Capacity	1702
	Theoretical and Practical Cell Voltages	1704
	Primary Batteries	1704
	Zinc Air (Zn-Air) Battery	1705
	Lithium Air (Li-Air) Battery	1706
	Lithium Thionyl Chloride (Li/SOCl2) Battery	1706
	Secondary Batteries	1707
	Recombination Batteries	1707
	Lead Acid (Pb-Acid) Battery	1710
	Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery	1711
	Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery	1712
	Lithium Secondary Batteries	1712
	Lithium Ion Battery (Li-Ion)	1713
	Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)	1714
	Lithium-Metal-Polymer (Li-Polymer)	1715
	High Temperature Batteries	1716
	Redox-Flow Batteries	1717
	Supercapacitors	1719
	Conclusions and Emerging Technologies	1721
	References	1723
	Electrochemical Energy Production Using Fuel Cell Technologies	1729
	Introduction to Fuel Cells	1730
	H2-Fueled Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)	1731
	Introduction	1731
	Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Separator	1733
	Nafion	1733
	Alternative Polymer Electrolytes	1736
	Catalysts Used in PEMFC Anodes and Cathodes	1736
	Catalyst Supports for PEMFCs	1737
	Carbon Support Materials	1737
	Other Catalyst Supports	1739
	Catalyst Layers (CLs)	1740
	Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL)	1741
	Microporous Layer (MPL)	1741
	Bipolar Plates	1741
	Other Cell Components	1741
	PEMFC Full System	1741
	Proton Exchange Membrane-Based Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (PEM-DAFCs)	1742
	Components and Reactions in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells	1743
	Effect of DAFC Operating Conditions on Performance	1745
	Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation Mechanism	1747
	Anode Catalysts Used in DAFCs	1749
	Pt-Ru-Based Catalysts	1749
	Pt-Sn-Based Catalysts	1749
	Other Pt-Based Catalysts for Both Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation Reactions	1750
	Pt-Based Core-Shell Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation Reactions	1750
	Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFCs)	1751
	Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)	1752
	SOFC Cell Designs	1753
	Typical SOFC Cell Materials	1755
	SOFC Electrolytes	1755
	SOFC Anode Materials	1755
	SOFC Cathode Materials	1757
	Interconnects	1757
	SOFC Material Synthesis Methods	1758
	Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells	1759
	Ionic Melt Electrolytes	1761
	Anode Catalyst Materials	1762
	Cathode Catalyst Materials	1763
	Manufacturing of MCFCs	1763
	Direct Carbon (Molten Liquid) Fuel Cells (DCFCs)	1764
	Summary	1765
	References	1766
	CO2 Utilization	1780
	Introduction	1780
	Direct Utilization of Carbon Dioxide	1781
	Supercritical CO2	1781
	Microalgae	1782
	Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals	1788
	Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Energy Products	1789
	Methanol	1789
	Dimethyl Carbonate	1791
	Dimethyl Ester	1792
	Hydrogen Source	1793
	Carbon Integration	1795
	Conclusion	1795
	References	1797
	Section 7: Industrial Processing and Engineering	1802
	Safety Considerations in the Chemical Process Industries	1803
	Introduction	1805
	Why Process Safety Is Important	1805
	Occupational Safety Versus Process Safety	1805
	Process Safety Technology Issues	1805
	Process Safety Management Issues	1806
	Barrier Analysis and Layers of Protection [2]	1806
	Anatomy of an Incident [3]	1808
	The Anatomy of an Incident Model	1808
	Loss of Containment [2]	1808
	Containment and Control [2]	1809
	Initiating Cause or Event [2]	1809
	Prevention of Loss of Containment Events [2]	1810
	Safety Instrumented Systems [2, 4]	1810
	Redundant Instrumentation and Control Systems [5]	1810
	Number of Inputs Consequence	1811
	Pressure Relief Systems	1812
	Blow Down Systems [2]	1812
	Mitigation of Loss of Containment Events [2]	1813
	Design for Emergency Isolation of Piping Systems [2]	1813
	Gas Detection [2]	1814
	Flame/Detonation Arrestors [2]	1814
	Explosion Venting, Mechanical Isolation, and Explosion Suppression [12]	1814
	Fire Protection [2]	1814
	Emergency Response [2]	1815
	Management Systems (Risk Based Process Safety) [2, 13]	1815
	Commit to Process Safety	1816
	Process Safety Culture	1817
	Human Factors [2]	1817
	Compliance with Standards	1817
	Inherently Safer Concepts [2, 14]	1817
	Process Design [2]	1818
	Inerting	1821
	Electrical Area Classification (EAC) [2]	1823
	Static Electricity, Grounding, and Bonding	1823
	Introduction	1823
	Hazard Determinants	1824
	Review of Design Alternatives	1828
	Process Safety Competency	1828
	Workforce Involvement	1828
	Stakeholder Outreach	1828
	Understand Hazards and Risk	1829
	Process Safety Knowledge	1829
	Combustion Hazards	1829
	Introduction	1829
	Fire [25]	1829
	Flammability	1831
	Mists and Foams	1834
	Ignition	1835
	Explosions	1839
	Development of Pressure	1839
	Deflagration	1840
	Detonations	1841
	Explosion Violence	1842
	Losses from Dust Explosions	1843
	Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVES)	1845
	Damage Estimates [16]	1846
	Explosion Consequences	1846
	Radiation Consequences	1846
	Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosions (UVCE)	1848
	Physical Explosions	1848
	Mechanical Heat	1851
	Vacuum [32]	1851
	Protective Measures for Equipment	1852
	Reactivity Hazards [2]	1852
	Toxicity Hazards [2]	1854
	Corrosivity Hazard [2]	1855
	Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis	1856
	Hazard Identification	1857
	Some Tools for Evaluating Risks and Hazards	1858
	Consequences and Impacts	1858
	Probability	1859
	Risk Analysis	1859
	Risk Understanding	1859
	Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA)	1860
	Safety Risk Criteria [44]	1860
	Security Vulnerabilities of Fixed Chemical Sites [48]	1862
	Manage Risk	1862
	Operating Procedures	1863
	Safe Work Practices	1863
	Asset Integrity and Reliability	1863
	Contractor (Safety) Management	1864
	Training and Performance Assurance	1864
	Management of Change (MOC)	1864
	Operational Readiness	1864
	Conduct of Operations	1865
	Emergency Management	1865
	Learn from Experience	1865
	Incident Investigation	1865
	Measurement and Metrics	1866
	Auditing	1866
	Management Review and Continuous Improvement	1866
	Process Safety in Bioprocess Manufacturing Facilities [49]	1867
	Regulations	1868
	Process Safety Management	1868
	Risk Management Plans (RMPs)	1874
	Toxics Release Inventory	1875
	Hazwoper	1875
	More Information	1875
	The Principal Reason for Most Chemical Process Accidents	1876
	Levels of Causes	1876
	Case Histories	1876
	Flixborough, England 1974 [19]	1876
	Bhopal, 1985 (CandEN Feb. 11, 1985	1877
	Phillips Explosion, 1989 [39]	1879
	Summary	1882
	References	1882
	Additional Reading References	1884
	Internet References and WEB Pages	1884
	Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry	1886
	Introduction	1886
	Simple Tools of Descriptive Statistics	1887
	Tools of Routine Industrial Process Monitoring and Capability Assessment	1893
	Statistical Methods and Industrial Experimentation	1899
	Identifying Major Contributors to Process Variation	1900
	Discovering and Exploiting Patterns of Factor Influence on Responses	1903
	Special Statistical Tools for Chemical Applications	1908
	Mixture Experiments	1908
	Mechanistic Model Building	1913
	Modern Business Process Improvement and the Discipline of Statistics	1914
	Conclusion	1915
	References	1915
	Green Engineering: Integration of Green Chemistry, Pollution Prevention, Risk-Based Considerations, and Life Cycle Analysis	1917
	Overview and Scope	1918
	What Is Green Chemistry?	1918
	What Is Green Engineering?	1918
	Role of Risk Assessment	1919
	What Is Life Cycle Assessment and Its Role?	1920
	Chapter Objective	1920
	Chapter Layout	1920
	Green Chemistry Principles and Pathway to Green Engineering	1921
	Introduction	1921
	Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry	1922
	Principles of Green Engineering	1924
	Examples of Green Integration of Chemistry and Engineering	1925
	Summary	1928
	Pollution Prevention Heuristics for Chemical Processes	1928
	Introduction	1928
	Hierarchical Rules for Waste Minimization	1928
	Batch or Continuous?	1930
	Input-Output Structure	1930
	Recycle Structure of the Flow Sheet	1931
	Reaction Systems	1931
	Separation Systems	1932
	Post-processing and Product Section	1933
	Energy Systems	1933
	Auxiliary Equipments	1934
	Heuristics for Green Reactor Design	1934
	Minor Modifications	1934
	Retrofitting	1935
	More Greener Processes	1935
	The P2 Rules for Separations Devices	1935
	Distillation Columns	1936
	Gas-Liquid Separation	1936
	Gas-Solid Separations	1936
	Liquid-Liquid Separations	1936
	Liquid-Solid Separations	1936
	Illustrative Examples	1937
	Summary and the Path Forward	1940
	Understanding and Prediction of the Environmental Fate of Chemicals	1941
	Introduction	1941
	Translocation of Chemicals in the Environment	1942
	Modeling the Environment	1942
	Translocation Processes in Air	1944
	Translocation Processes in Water	1946
	Translocation Processes in Soil	1947
	Translocation Processes Involving Biota	1948
	Transformation of Chemicals in the Environment	1948
	Biotic Transformation Processes	1948
	Biodegradation	1948
	Phytodegradation	1950
	Abiotic Transformation Processes	1950
	Hydrolysis	1950
	Photolysis	1951
	Oxidation/Reduction Reactions	1953
	The Connection Between Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate	1953
	Traditional Chemical Properties	1953
	Specialized Chemical Properties	1954
	Sources of Chemical Property and Fate Data	1955
	Handbooks	1955
	Software and Online Sources of Chemical Properties	1955
	Estimation Methods	1955
	Heuristics for Predicting Environmental Fate	1955
	Environmental Performance Assessment for Chemical Process Design	1955
	Scope	1955
	Overview of Environmental Impact Assessment: The Three Tier Approach	1956
	Early Process Design Evaluations: ``Tier I´´ Assessment	1959
	Solvent Selection	1959
	Reaction Pathway Selection	1959
	Evaluations During Process Synthesis: ``Tier II´´ Assessment	1961
	Detailed Evaluation of Process Flowsheets: ``Tier III´´ Assessment	1961
	Hybrid Screening Evaluations: Combining ``Tier I´´-``Tier III´´-Life Cycle Assessment	1965
	Conclusions	1969
	Life Cycle Assessment	1970
	Introduction	1970
	Historical Background and ISO Standards	1970
	Steps or Phases Involved in LCA	1970
	Goal and Scope of LCA	1972
	Methods for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)	1973
	Economy Scale Method of LCI	1973
	Life Cycle Scale of LCI	1974
	Equipment Scale Approach	1974
	The Hybrid Approach	1974
	Limited LCI Approach and Other Methods	1974
	Other Methods	1974
	Use of Exergy Concept	1974
	Impact Assessment and Analysis	1975
	Classification	1975
	Characterization	1975
	Valuation	1975
	LCA in Practice	1976
	Fuels for Electricity Production	1976
	Hydrogen Production	1977
	Transportation Fuels	1977
	Automobile Fuel Options	1977
	Catalytic Converter and Auxiliary Power Units	1978
	Electrochemical Processes	1978
	Pharmaceuticals	1978
	Desalination and Water Usage	1979
	Paint Industry	1979
	Pulp and Paper Industry	1980
	Plastic Recycle	1980
	Waste Management	1980
	Consumer Products	1981
	Food Industry and Food Packaging	1981
	Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)	1982
	AIChE Sustainability Index	1983
	Software and Databases	1983
	Conclusions	1984
	References	1985
	Industrial Catalysis: A Practical Guide	1991
	The Importance of Catalysis	1992
	How Does a Catalyst Work?	1993
	What Are the Catalytic Metals and Metal Oxides?	1994
	The Structure of Heterogeneous Catalysts	1994
	Rate-Limiting Steps for a Supported Catalyst	1995
	Selectivity	1998
	Catalyst Preparation	1999
	A Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction: An Example	2001
	Active Catalytic Sites	2001
	Reactor Types	2002
	Kinetics	2002
	Rate Models	2005
	Catalyst Deactivation	2005
	Homogeneous Catalytic Reactions	2009
	Commercial Applications	2009
	Petroleum Processing	2009
	Alternative Fuels	2013
	Catalysts for Controlling Automotive Emissions	2014
	Three-Way Catalytic Conversion	2015
	Modern Catalytic Converter Systems	2017
	Controlling Emissions from Diesel Engines	2018
	Diesel Oxidation Catalysts	2019
	Controlling NOx in Diesel Engines	2020
	Catalytic Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils for Edible Food Products	2021
	Triglycerides	2021
	Fertilizers and Hydrogen Generation	2023
	Ammonia Synthesis	2025
	Nitric Acid Synthesis	2026
	Pure Hydrogen Generation with Pressure Swing Adsorption Purification	2027
	Fuel Cells	2027
	Production of Butyraldehyde: A Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction	2028
	Polyethylene and Polypropylene for the Production of Plastics	2029
	Catalyst Challenges	2030
	References	2030
	Dividing Wall Columns in the Chemical Industry	2032
	Introduction	2032
	Why Are Dividing Wall Columns of Interest?	2032
	Conventional Distillation Sequences	2033
	Basic Dividing Wall Column Configurations	2035
	Offset Dividing Walls	2036
	Energy Savings	2037
	Remixing Effects	2037
	Energy Efficiency and Configuration Selection	2038
	Simulation and Modeling of DWCs	2040
	Industrially Installed DWC Performance Characteristics	2041
	Retrofits	2041
	Intensified DWC Configurations	2042
	4+ Component DWCs	2042
	E-DWC	2043
	A-DWC	2044
	R-DWC	2044
	Industrial Dividing Wall Column Applications	2046
	Chemical industry DWC practitioners (Table 5)	2047
	BASF	2047
	British Petroleum (BP)	2048
	Sasol	2049
	ExxonMobil (Esso)	2049
	Kyowa Yuka Chemical Company	2049
	Valero	2049
	Bayer AG	2049
	LG Chemical	2050
	Lonza	2050
	Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)	2051
	Chemical Industry DWC Technology Providers (Table 7)	2051
	Montz	2051
	Sulzer Chemtech	2052
	Sumitomo Heavy Industries (SHI)	2052
	Koch-Glitsch	2054
	UOP	2054
	Kellogg, Brown, and Root (KBR)	2056
	ThyssenKrupp/Krupp Uhde	2056
	Linde AG	2057
	GTC	2057
	Conclusion	2059
	References	2059
	Process Control in the Chemical Industry	2063
	Introduction	2064
	Process Understanding	2065
	Process Characterization	2068
	First-Order Plus Deadtime Process	2069
	Integrating Process	2070
	Process Linearity	2071
	Single-Loop Control	2071
	Manual Control	2071
	Feedback Control	2073
	Proportional-Only Control	2075
	Proportional-Integral (PI) Control	2076
	Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control	2078
	Controller Action	2079
	Back Calculation	2080
	PID Implementation	2081
	Mode	2082
	Tuning and Loop Performance	2084
	Manual Tuning	2084
	Automatically Establishing Tuning	2086
	Commissioning: Sticky Valves and Other Field Challenges	2087
	Multi-loop Control	2089
	Feedforward Control	2089
	Dynamic Compensation	2090
	Cascade Control	2093
	Benefits	2094
	Example: Superheater Temperature Control	2094
	Implementation	2096
	Override Control	2097
	Override Operation	2098
	Implementation	2099
	Control Using Two Manipulated Parameters	2099
	Split-Range Control	2101
	Powerhouse Example	2101
	Implementation	2102
	Ratio Control	2104
	Ratio Input Selection	2104
	Example: Blending	2104
	Implementation	2105
	Model Predictive Control	2106
	MPC Replacement of PID	2107
	Using MPC to Address Process Interactions	2108
	Layering MPC onto an Existing Strategy	2108
	Industrial Chemistry of Steel	2110
	Introduction	2110
	Construction	2111
	Transport	2111
	Energy	2111
	Packaging	2111
	Appliances and Industry	2111
	What Is Steel	2112
	Major Classes of Steel [3, 5]	2112
	Manufacturing of Steel [1-5]	2112
	Liquid Pig Iron Production in Blast Furnace	2113
	Solid Iron Production: DRI	2118
	The Electric Arc Furnace Process	2119
	Refining of Steel	2119
	Casting	2120
	Continuous Casting	2120
	Ingot Casting	2120
	Rolling	2120
	Recycling [6]	2121
	Thermochemistry [1, 2, 4]	2122
	Thermochemistry of Ironmaking in Blast Furnace	2122
	Thermochemistry of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) [7, 8]	2125
	Thermochemistry of Steelmaking	2126
	Thermochemistry of Steel Refining	2126
	Future of Steel	2127
	Production and Growth Patterns [7, 8]	2127
	Energy Consumption	2127
	Economics of Steel Production	2127
	Environmental	2129
	Safety	2131
	References	2131
	Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program	2133
	Introduction	2133
	Prevention, Prediction, and Preparation	2133
	Need for Emergency Preparedness Programs	2134
	Preventing and Predicting Emergencies: Getting Started	2135
	Hazard Identification and Mitigation	2137
	Process Safety Management Team	2137
	Identifying Hazards: PSR Teams	2137
	Review Methods	2138
	Recommendations and Reports	2139
	Mitigating Hazards: Release Detection and Mitigation	2140
	Preparing for Emergencies: Identifying and Evaluating Resources	2142
	Personnel	2142
	Plans	2142
	Alarm Systems	2145
	Facilities for Protection and Communication	2146
	Developing an ERP	2147
	Plan Design	2148
	EMO Structure	2149
	Training Personnel	2151
	Fire Brigade Training	2152
	EMO Training	2152
	Employee Training	2153
	Facility Drills	2153
	Involving the Community	2154
	Communications	2154
	Integrating Plans	2156
	Off-Site Warning	2156
	Local Emergency Plans	2157
	Local Emergency Planning Committees	2157
	Drills and Critiques	2158
	Laws, Regulations, and Support	2158
	Laws	2158
	Meeting the Requirements	2159
	Prevention and Preparation	2159
	Plans	2162
	Communications	2162
	Reports	2162
	Training, Drills, Audits, and Evaluations	2162
	Sources of Assistance	2163
	Select Bibliography	2163
	Standards	2164
	Suggested Reading	2164
	Regulations	2164
	Prevention and Planning	2164
	Laws, Regulations, and Standards	2165
	Laws and Regulations	2165
	Transportation	2166
	Environmental Chemical Determinations	2167
	Introduction	2167
	Significance of Environmental Chemical Determinations	2167
	Chemical Analysis Strategies	2168
	Samples and Sampling Strategies	2168
	Determination of Total Elements or Total Related Substances	2169
	Determination of Specific Substances	2170
	Target Analyte (TA) Strategy	2171
	The Broad Spectrum (BS) Strategy	2171
	Single-Analyte and Multi-analyte Methods	2172
	Remote Laboratory Analyses and Field Analyses	2172
	Discrete Samples and Continuous Monitoring	2173
	Analytical Quality Assurance and Control	2174
	Development and Documentation of Analytical Methods	2174
	Research Methods	2174
	Methods in Development	2175
	Methods Published by Standard-Setting Organizations	2175
	Methods Published or Referenced in Government Agency Regulations	2175
	Characteristics of Analytes, Samples, and Sampling Techniques	2176
	Volatile Analytes	2176
	Semivolatile Analytes	2176
	Nonvolatile analytes	2178
	Condensed-Phase Samples	2178
	Vapor-Phase Samples	2180
	Bulk Vapor-Phase Samples	2180
	Separated Analytes	2181
	Processing of Samples Before Determination of the Analytes	2182
	Chromatographic Analytical Methods	2183
	Chromatographic Separation Techniques	2183
	Gas Chromatography	2183
	High-Performance Liquid Chromatography	2184
	High-Performance Ion Exchange Chromatography	2185
	Other Chromatographic and Related Techniques	2185
	Chromatography Detectors	2185
	Nonchromatographic Analytical Methods	2186
	Elemental Analysis	2187
	Atomic Absorption	2187
	Atomic Emission	2187
	Mass Spectrometry	2187
	Organic and Inorganic Compounds and Ions	2188
	Glossary	2188
	References	2190
	Suggested Additional Reading	2190
	Index	2191