Preface	6
	Contents	8
	About the Editors	10
	Introduction and Fundamentals	12
	1 An Introduction to Nanotechnology	13
	Abstract	13
	References	15
	2 Nanoscale Materials: Fundamentals and Emergent Properties	16
	Abstract	16
	2.1 Introduction	16
	2.1.1 Dimensionality and Optical Properties	17
	2.1.2 Polarization and Anisotropy	21
	2.1.3 Crystalline Anisotropy	24
	2.1.4 Anisotropic Nanoparticle Structures	27
	2.1.4.1 Spheres	28
	2.1.4.2 Rods, Wires and Tubes	29
	2.1.4.3 Cubes, Hexagons, Triangles	30
	2.1.4.4 Branched and Other Shapes	31
	2.2 Conclusions	33
	References	33
	3 Synthetic Strategies for Anisotropic and Shape-Selective Nanomaterials	38
	Abstract	38
	3.1 Introduction	38
	3.1.1 Bottom-Up Fabrication: The Chemical Approach	40
	3.1.1.1 Overview	40
	3.1.1.2 Chemical Reduction	41
	3.1.1.3 Seed Mediated Approach	43
	3.1.2 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Synthesis	55
	3.1.2.1 Microwave Irradiation	55
	3.1.3 Self-assembly	56
	3.2 Top-Down Fabrication: The Engineering Approach	59
	3.2.1 Overview	59
	3.2.2 Nano-Lithography	60
	3.2.2.1 Photolithography	60
	3.2.2.2 Scanning Beam Lithography	62
	3.2.2.3 Scanning Probe Lithography	64
	3.2.3 Pattern Transfer and Templates	65
	3.2.3.1 Nanosphere Lithography	66
	3.2.3.2 Spontaneously and Naturally Occurring Templates	67
	3.2.4 Thin Film Growth	68
	3.2.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition	68
	3.2.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition	69
	3.3 Classification	71
	3.3.1 Metal and Metal Oxides	71
	3.3.2 Semiconductor Nanostructures	74
	3.3.3 Hybrid Nanostructures	75
	3.3.4 Carbon Nanostructures	76
	3.4 Conclusions	77
	References	78
	4 Characterization of Anisotropic and Shape-Selective Nanomaterials: Methods and Challenges	87
	Abstract	87
	4.1 Overview	87
	4.2 Structural and Chemical Characterization	88
	4.2.1 Microscopy	88
	4.2.2 Diffraction and Scattering Techniques	91
	4.2.2.1 Dynamic Light Scattering	91
	4.2.2.2 X-ray Scattering and Diffraction	92
	4.2.2.3 Electron Diffraction	94
	4.2.3 Spectroscopic Techniques	95
	4.2.3.1 Optical Spectroscopy	96
	4.2.3.2 Polarization-Dependent Measurements	98
	4.2.3.3 Other Spectroscopies	101
	4.3 “Bulk” Property Characterization	101
	4.4 Conclusion	103
	References	103
	Effect of the Morphology and the Nanometric Dimension of Materials on Their Physico-Chemical Properties	110
	5 Anisotropic Metallic and Metallic Oxide Nanostructures-Correlation Between Their Shape and Properties	111
	Abstract	111
	5.1 Sensing and Optical Imaging	111
	5.1.1 Sensing via Inelastic Light Scattering-Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering	113
	5.1.2 Sensing Based on Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence (SEF)	118
	5.1.3 Sensing Based on Nanoparticle’s Aggregation-Colorimetric Sensors	120
	5.1.4 Sensing Based on Plasmon Shifts with Local Refractive Index	122
	5.2 Medical and Biological Applications	123
	5.2.1 Metallic Nanostructures	124
	5.2.2 Non-metallic Nanostructures	129
	5.3 Catalysis and Electrocatalysis	130
	5.4 Environmental Applications	134
	5.4.1 Detection and Sequestration of Environmental Contaminants	135
	5.4.2 Detection and Destruction of Environmental Contaminants	136
	5.5 Energy Related Applications	139
	5.5.1 Conversion of Solar Energy to Fuel	139
	5.5.2 Energy Storage Materials	144
	5.6 Photothermal Applications	145
	5.7 Self-assembled Nanostructures	147
	5.8 Conclusions	150
	References	150
	6 Putting Nanoparticles to Work: Self-propelled Inorganic Micro- and Nanomotors	158
	Abstract	158
	6.1 Introduction	158
	6.2 Synthetic Nanomotor Design	161
	6.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization	161
	6.2.2 Efficiency	162
	6.3 Propulsion Routes	163
	6.3.1 External Propulsion	163
	6.3.1.1 Acoustic	163
	6.3.1.2 Optical	165
	6.3.1.3 Magnetic	166
	6.3.2 Chemical Propulsion	166
	6.3.2.1 Diffusiophoresis	167
	6.3.2.2 Bubble Propulsion	169
	6.3.3 Multiple Energy Sources	170
	6.3.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook	171
	References	171
	7 Prospects for Rational Control of Nanocrystal Shape Through Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) and Related Approaches	174
	Abstract	174
	7.1 Overview	175
	7.2 Influence of Shape on Electronic Properties of Colloidal Nanocrystals	176
	7.3 Mechanisms of Anisotropic Growth and Erosion	178
	7.4 Enforcing Isotropic Growth with Alternating Layer Approaches	182
	7.5 Methods	184
	7.5.1 Colloidal SILAR (Homogeneous Solution)	184
	7.5.2 Colloidal “Atomic Layer Deposition”	185
	7.6 Precursors	186
	7.7 Analysis of the SILAR Mechanism in Colloidal NC Processes	194
	7.7.1 Dose Dependence in c-SILAR	197
	7.7.2 Solvent Dependence of Precursor Conversion in c-SILAR	200
	7.7.3 Electrochemical In Situ Monitoring	204
	7.7.4 XPS Monitoring	205
	7.8 Rational Construction of Anisotropic Colloidal Nanocrystals with Alternating Layer Approaches	206
	7.9 Alternating Layer Growth on Supported Nanostructures	207
	7.10 Alternating Layer Growth on Anisotropic Colloidal Nanocrystal Cores	210
	7.10.1 Wurtzite Nanorods	211
	7.10.2 Colloidal Nanoplatelets with Wurtzite Structure	214
	7.10.3 Colloidal Nanoplatelets with Zincblende Structure	215
	7.10.4 Colloidal Nanowires	216
	7.11 Regioselective Growth Under SILAR Conditions	218
	7.11.1 Regioselective Growth Under Saturating Conditions	219
	7.11.2 Shape Control Via Reagent Dosing	219
	7.12 Applications	221
	7.12.1 Double Quantum Dots and Related Dual-Emission Structures for Temperature Measurement and Upconversion	222
	7.12.2 Cell Membrane Voltage Sensing	223
	7.12.3 Fluorescence Anisotropy in 1D and 2D Nanocrystals	224
	7.13 Concluding Remarks	226
	References	227
	8 Plasmon Drag Effect. Theory and Experiment	238
	Abstract	238
	8.1 Introduction	238
	8.2 Experiment	243
	8.2.1 Photoinduced Electric Effects in Flat Metal Films	243
	8.2.2 Experiment. PLDE in Nanostructured Films	246
	8.2.3 Effect of Highly Nonhomogeneous Illumination	250
	8.3 PLDE Theory	252
	8.3.1 Macroscopic Forces Acting on Polarized Matter	252
	8.3.2 The Quantum Aspect of Relationship Between PLDE Emf and Absorption	254
	8.3.3 Kinetic Renormalization of PLDE	254
	8.3.4 PLDE in Flat Metal Films in Kretschmann Geometry	256
	8.3.5 PLDE in Metal Films of Modulated Profile	259
	8.3.6 PLDE in Nanostructures	261
	8.3.6.1 SPIDEr in Metal Nanowires	263
	SPIDEr as a THz Source	264
	SPIDEr as a Femtosecond Detector	267
	8.3.6.2 “Batteries” Model Based on Nonlinearity of Metal and Asymmetric Boundary Conditions	268
	8.4 Conclusions	270
	References	270
	9 Dimensional Variations in Nanohybrids: Property Alterations, Applications, and Considerations for Toxicological Implications	276
	Abstract	276
	9.1 Introduction	277
	9.2 Dimensional Variations in Nanohybrids: Altered Properties and Applications	278
	9.3 Nano-Bio Interactions of Nanohybrids: Importance of Dimensionality	285
	9.4 Environmental and Toxicological Significance	290
	9.5 Conclusions	290
	Acknowledgements	291
	References	291
	10 Assemblies and Superstructures of Inorganic Colloidal Nanocrystals	297
	Abstract	297
	10.1 Introduction	297
	10.2 Forces at Nanoscale	299
	10.2.1 Van der Waals Interactions	300
	10.2.1.1 Examples of Nanoparticle Self-assemblies	301
	10.2.2 Induced Self-assembly	301
	10.2.3 Electrostatic Interactions	303
	10.2.3.1 Examples of Self-assembly of Nanoparticles	303
	10.2.4 Magnetic Interactions	304
	10.2.5 Superficial Forces	307
	10.3 The Functionality of Nanoparticle Superstructures	307
	10.3.1 Mechanical Strength	308
	10.3.2 Photoluminescence	309
	10.3.3 Catalysis	309
	10.3.4 Plasmonics	311
	10.3.5 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)	312
	10.4 Superlattice Formation	313
	10.4.1 Nanocubes	314
	10.4.2 Nano-octahedra	314
	10.4.3 Nanoplates and Nanostars	314
	10.4.4 Nanorods	315
	10.5 Methods Used for the Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles	316
	10.5.1 The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Method	316
	10.5.2 Ligand Stabilization	320
	10.5.3 The Solvent Evaporation Technique	322
	10.5.4 The DNA-Template Method	325
	10.5.5 Template Assembly	327
	10.5.6 The Sedimentation Method	327
	10.5.7 Pressure Induced Growth	328
	10.5.8 Light-Induced Assembly	329
	10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives	330
	Bibliography	331
	11 Nanostructured Catalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2	340
	Abstract	340
	11.1 Introduction	341
	11.1.1 Background	341
	11.1.2 Bulk Metal Catalysts for CO2 Reduction	342
	11.1.3 Nanostructured Metal Catalysts for CO2 Reduction	345
	11.2 Nanostructured Metal Catalysts for CO2 Reduction to CO	345
	11.2.1 Nanostructured Au	346
	11.2.1.1 Au Nanoparticles	346
	11.2.1.2 Au Nanowires	347
	11.2.2 Nanostructured Ag	348
	11.2.2.1 Ag Nanoparticles	350
	11.2.2.2 Nanoporous Ag	351
	11.2.3 Nanostructured Zn	352
	11.2.4 Nanostructured Pd	353
	11.2.5 Metal Organic Frameworks	353
	11.3 Nanostructured Metal Catalysts for CO2 Reduction to Hydrocarbons	354
	11.3.1 Cu Nanoparticles	355
	11.3.2 Cu Nanowires	356
	11.3.3 Cu Nanofoam	358
	11.4 Oxide-Derived Metallic Nanocatalysts for CO2 Reduction	359
	11.4.1 Oxide-Derived Cu	360
	11.4.2 Oxide-Derived Au	361
	11.4.3 Oxide-Derived Pb	362
	11.4.4 Oxide-Derived Ag	363
	11.5 Bimetallic Nanocatalysts	364
	11.6 Nano Carbon Catalysts	366
	11.7 Summary and Outlook	371
	References	372
	12 Strategies for the Synthesis of Anisotropic Catalytic Nanoparticles	377
	Abstract	377
	12.1 Introduction	377
	12.2 Synthesis of Catalytic Nanoparticles	379
	12.2.1 Seed Mediated Growth	379
	12.2.2 Template Mediated Growth	383
	12.2.3 Thermal Decomposition	386
	12.2.4 Electrochemical and Galvanic Replacement	388
	12.3 Anisotropic Metal Nanoparticles Catalytic Applications	390
	12.3.1 Catalytic Applications	390
	12.3.2 Bimetallic Anisotropic Nanoparticles	393
	12.4 Conclusion	394
	References	395
	13 Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles	401
	Abstract	401
	13.1 Introduction	402
	13.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanorods	405
	13.2.1 Synopsis	405
	13.2.2 Historical Synthetic Approaches	405
	13.2.3 New Approaches to Nanorod Syntheses Via a Seed-Mediated Approach	406
	13.2.3.1 Secondary Growth	406
	13.2.3.2 Pre-reduction with Salicylic Acid	408
	13.2.3.3 Overgrowth of Gold Nanorods Via a Binary Surfactant Mixture	410
	13.2.3.4 Improved Conversion of HAuCl4 into Gold Nanorods Via Re-seeding Approach	411
	13.3 Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles	412
	13.3.1 Synopsis	412
	13.3.2 Functionalization Using Capping Ligand	413
	13.3.3 Functionalization Using Biomolecules	414
	13.3.3.1 Oligonucleotides	414
	13.3.3.2 Antibodies	415
	13.3.3.3 Peptides	417
	13.4 Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy	418
	13.4.1 Synopsis	418
	13.4.2 Optical Properties	419
	13.4.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance SPR	419
	13.4.2.2 Tunability of Optical Properties	419
	13.4.3 Targeting	421
	13.4.4 Examples	422
	13.4.4.1 Gold Nanocages in the Photothermal Ablation of Breast Cancer	422
	13.4.4.2 Gold Nanorods in the Photothermal Ablation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma	423
	13.5 Conclusion	424
	References	425
	14 Application of Gold Nanorods in Cardiovascular Science	429
	Abstract	429
	14.1 Introduction	429
	14.2 Application of Gold Nanorods as Agents to Detect Cardiovascular Disease	430
	14.3 Gold Nanorods as Reporters of Material Deformation and Mechanical Environment	433
	14.4 Using Gold Nanorods to Direct Cell Behavior	434
	14.5 Using Gold Nanorods to Alter the Material Properties of Cardiac Valves	437
	14.6 Conclusions and Future Directions	440
	Acknowledgements	440
	References	441
	15 Architectured Nanomembranes	445
	Abstract	445
	15.1 Introduction	445
	15.2 Synthesis Methodologies	447
	15.3 Experimental	449
	15.3.1 Production of Titania Nanotube Membranes	449
	15.3.2 Production of Nanoporous Glass Membranes	450
	15.4 Results and Discussion	451
	15.5 Conclusion	462
	Acknowledgements	463
	References	463
	Summary and Final Thoughts	468
	Index	470