Preface	5
	Contents	6
	Contributors	11
	Chapter 1: Introduction	13
	1.1 Adsorption: A Cost-Effective Technology for Water Treatment	14
	1.2 Priority Pollutants in Water Purification	16
	1.2.1 Heavy Metals	17
	1.2.2 Dyes	17
	1.2.3 Pharmaceuticals	18
	1.2.4 Fluoride	18
	1.2.5 Arsenic	19
	1.2.6 Emerging Pollutants	19
	1.3 Adsorption Process Intensification	20
	1.3.1 Synthesis of Tailored Adsorbents	20
	1.3.2 Optimization and Design of Adsorption Systems	21
	1.3.3 Modeling of Adsorption Processes	22
	1.3.4 Regeneration and Final Disposal of Exhausted Adsorbents	23
	1.3.5 Life Cycle Analysis	24
	1.4 Scope and Outline of Chapters	25
	References	26
	2: Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental, Modeling, and Interpretations	31
	2.1 Introduction	32
	2.2 Experimental Procedures to Obtain Equilibrium Curves	37
	2.3 Classification of the Equilibrium Isotherms	38
	2.3.1 Subclasses	41
	2.4 Adsorption Isotherm Models	42
	2.4.1 Henry´s Law	42
	2.4.2 Monolayer Adsorption and the Langmuir Isotherm	42
	2.4.3 Multilayer Adsorption and the BET Isotherm	44
	2.4.4 Other Isotherm Models	44
	2.4.4.1 Temkin Isotherm	44
	2.4.4.2 Freundlich Isotherm	44
	2.4.4.3 Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) Isotherm	45
	2.4.4.4 Redlich-Peterson (R-P) Model	45
	2.4.5 Statistical Physics Models	46
	2.4.6 Typical Values of Isotherm Parameters for Different Adsorbate-Adsorbent Systems	47
	2.5 Regression Methods and Error Analysis	52
	2.5.1 Model Accuracy	53
	2.5.2 Comparison Between Linear and Nonlinear Regression Methods	54
	2.6 Adsorption Thermodynamics	57
	2.7 Concluding Remarks	59
	References	60
	Chapter 3: Adsorption Kinetics in Liquid Phase: Modeling for Discontinuous and Continuous Systems	64
	3.1 Introduction	65
	3.2 Adsorption Kinetics in Discontinuous Batch Systems	66
	3.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Models	66
	3.2.2 Adsorption Reaction Models	71
	3.2.2.1 Pseudo-First-Order Model	71
	3.2.2.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Model	71
	3.2.2.3 Elovich Model	73
	3.3 Fixed-Bed Adsorption	73
	3.3.1 Mass Balance and Modeling of the Breakthrough Curves Based on Mass Transfer Mechanism	75
	3.3.2 Empirical Models for Breakthrough Curves	76
	3.3.2.1 Bohart-Adams Model	77
	3.3.2.2 Thomas Model	77
	3.3.2.3 Wolborska Model	77
	3.3.2.4 Yoon-Nelson Model	78
	3.3.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems	78
	3.3.3.1 LUB Concept	79
	3.3.3.2 Bed Depth Service Time (BDST)	79
	3.4 Numerical Methods and Parameters Estimation	80
	3.4.1 Solving Diffusional Mass Transfer Models	81
	3.4.2 Solving Adsorption Reaction Models and Empirical Models for Breakthrough Curves	83
	3.5 Conclusion	84
	References	85
	4: Hydrothermal Carbonisation: An Eco-Friendly Method for the Production of Carbon Adsorbents	88
	4.1 Introduction	89
	4.2 Hydrothermal Carbon Preparation	90
	4.2.1 Precursors	90
	4.2.2 Hydrothermal Process	92
	4.2.3 Templates	96
	4.2.4 Coating	97
	4.2.5 Activation	97
	4.2.5.1 Chemical Activation	98
	4.2.5.2 Physical and Thermal Activation	98
	4.2.6 Functionalisation	99
	4.2.6.1 Functionalisation During the Hydrothermal Process (One Step)	100
	4.2.6.2 Post-functionalisation (Two Steps)	100
	4.2.7 Hydrothermal Versus Pyrolytic Carbonisation	102
	4.3 Adsorption	103
	4.3.1 Dye Adsorption	104
	4.3.2 Pesticides	105
	4.3.3 Drugs	106
	4.3.4 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals	106
	4.3.5 Metal Ions	107
	4.3.5.1 p-Block and d-Block Metals	108
	4.3.5.2 f-Block Metals	110
	4.3.5.3 Mixture of Metals	114
	4.3.6 Phosphorus	114
	4.3.7 Phenols	115
	4.3.8 Wastewater	115
	4.3.9 Reusability	115
	4.4 Conclusions	116
	References	116
	5: Removal of Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc, Using Adsorption Processes by Cost-Effective Adsorbents	120
	5.1 Introduction	121
	5.2 Adsorption Process	123
	5.2.1 Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm	123
	5.2.1.1 The Langmuir Model	124
	5.2.1.2 The Freundlich Model	124
	5.2.1.3 The Redlich-Peterson Model	125
	5.2.1.4 The Sips (Langmuir-Freundlich) Model	125
	5.2.2 Kinetic Studies and Models	126
	5.2.2.1 The Pseudo-First-Order Model	126
	5.2.2.2 The Pseudo-Second-Order Model	127
	5.3 Low-Cost Adsorbent Materials and Metal Adsorption	128
	5.3.1 Agricultural Waste	128
	5.3.2 Industrial By-Products and Wastes	133
	5.3.3 Marine Materials	135
	5.3.4 Zeolite and Clay	137
	5.4 Conclusion	143
	References	143
	Chapter 6: Removal of Antibiotics from Water by Adsorption/Biosorption on Adsorbents from Different Raw Materials	150
	6.1 Introduction	151
	6.2 Adsorbent Materials	154
	6.2.1 Commercial Activated Carbons	154
	6.2.2 Sludge-Derived Materials	155
	6.2.2.1 Preparation of Adsorbent Materials from Sludge	156
	6.2.2.2 Optimization of Sludge Activation Process	156
	Optimization of Sludge Activation Process Without Binder (Linear Model)	156
	Optimization of Sludge Activation Process with Binder (Orthogonal Model)	158
	6.2.2.3 Characterization of Sludge-Derived Adsorbent Materials	160
	Textural Characterization of Adsorbents with Humic Acid as Binding Agent	160
	Influence of Binding Agent on Properties of the Adsorbent Materials	162
	6.2.3 Activated Carbons from Petroleum Coke	164
	6.2.3.1 Preparation of Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation of Coke	164
	6.2.3.2 Characterization of Activated Carbons from Coke	166
	6.3 Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activated Carbons	168
	6.3.1 Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles Characterization	168
	6.3.1.1 Tetracyclines	168
	6.3.1.2 Nitroimidazoles	168
	6.3.2 Kinetic and Diffusional Models	169
	6.3.2.1 Pseudo First-Order Kinetic Model	172
	6.3.2.2 Pseudo Second-Order Kinetic Model	173
	6.3.2.3 Intraparticle Diffusion Model	173
	6.3.2.4 Surface and Pore Volume Diffusion Model	174
	6.3.3 Results and Discussion	175
	6.3.3.1 Kinetic Study of Tetracycline Adsorption on Sludge-Derived Adsorbents	175
	6.3.3.2 Diffusion of Tetracyclines on Activated Carbon	182
	6.3.3.3 Adsorption Kinetics of Nitroimidazoles on Activated Carbons	184
	6.4 Adsorption/Biosorption Equilibrium Isotherms of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activate...	191
	6.4.1 Nitroimidazole Adsorption Processes	191
	6.4.2 Tetracyclines Adsorption Isotherms	194
	6.4.3 Influence of Operational Variables	196
	6.4.3.1 Influence of Solution pH	196
	6.4.3.2 Influence of Solution Ionic Strength	199
	6.4.3.3 Influence of the Presence of Microorganisms	199
	6.5 Adsorption of Tetracyclines and Nitroimidazoles on Sludge-Derived Materials and Activated Carbons in Dynamic Regime. Deter...	204
	6.6 Conclusions	207
	References	209
	7: Biosorption of Copper by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: From Biomass Characterization to Process Development	216
	7.1 Introduction	217
	7.2 Materials and Methods	219
	7.2.1 Yeast Strain	219
	7.2.2 Potentiometric Titration	219
	7.2.3 Immobilization into Calcium Alginate	219
	7.2.4 Batch Biosorption	220
	7.2.5 Fixed-Bed Biosorption	220
	7.3 Results	221
	7.3.1 Identification of the Biomass Active Sites	221
	7.3.2 Biosorption by Calcium Alginate Beads Under Batch Operation	224
	7.3.2.1 Biosorption Isotherms	224
	7.3.2.2 Biosorption Under Batch Operation	226
	7.3.3 Biosorption Under Fixed-Bed Operation	229
	7.4 Conclusions	233
	References	234
	8: Transition Metal-Substituted Magnetite as an Innovative Adsorbent and Heterogeneous Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment	236
	8.1 Introduction	237
	8.2 Transition Metal-Substituted Magnetite	239
	8.3 Physicochemical Changes in Modified Magnetite	240
	8.4 Adsorption	241
	8.5 Oxidation Process	249
	8.6 Conclusions	251
	References	255
	Index	259