Preface	6
	Acknowledgements	8
	Scientific Program Committee	9
	Contents	12
	The Span of Cartography	16
	1 Cartographic Memory Preservation of the Petrópolis City in Brazil: Koeler Map Scanning Using Photographic Survey	17
	Abstract	17
	1 Introduction	18
	2 Materials and Methods	21
	3 Results and Discussion	24
	4 Conclusions	32
	Acknowledgements	32
	References	32
	2 Location Spoofing in a Location-Based Game: A Case Study of Pokémon Go	34
	Abstract	34
	1 Introduction	35
	2 Related Works	35
	2.1 Location-Based Game	36
	2.2 Actor-Network Theory	36
	3 Location Spoofing in Pokémon Go	37
	4 Technical Nuisance or Intentional Plot?	39
	5 Generative Mechanisms for Spoofing	40
	5.1 Uneven Distribution of Pokémons	40
	5.2 Individual Motivations	42
	6 Concluding Remarks	44
	References	44
	Crowdsourcing and Data	46
	3 Educational Aspects of Crowdsourced Noise Mapping	47
	Abstract	47
	1 Introduction	48
	1.1 The Study Area	49
	2 Method	50
	2.1 Project Planning, Database Modelling and Fieldwork	50
	2.2 Data Processing and Analyses	50
	2.3 Visualization	51
	3 Results	53
	4 Conclusion	57
	Acknowledgements	57
	References	57
	4 Crowd and Community Sourced Data Quality Assessment	59
	Abstract	59
	1 Introduction	59
	2 State of the Art	60
	3 Report Platform Description	61
	4 Reports Reliability Assessment Methodology	62
	4.1 Data Quality Assessment Workflow	62
	4.2 Data Quality Indicators	63
	5 Reports Description and Results	64
	5.1 Reports Data Description	64
	5.2 Contributors Description	66
	5.3 Topographic Database	67
	5.4 Reliability Assessment Results	68
	6 Conclusions	70
	Acknowledgements	71
	References	71
	5 Crowdsourcing Mapping and Participatory Planning Support System: Case Study of Brno, Czechia	73
	Abstract	73
	1 Introduction	73
	2 Methods, Case Study Location and Data	74
	3 Results	77
	3.1 Demographics of the Respondents	77
	3.2 Spatial Distribution of Marked Points	78
	3.3 Why Were Certain Locations Marked?	79
	4 Conclusions	82
	Acknowledgements	82
	References	83
	6 A Framework for Enhancing Real-Time Social Media Data to Improve the Disaster Management Process	86
	Abstract	86
	1 Introduction	87
	2 Social Media in Relation with Disaster Management	88
	3 Proposed Research Framework	89
	3.1 Designed Web User API Component	90
	3.2 Social Media System Component	91
	3.2.1 Data Capture	91
	3.2.2 Verification	93
	3.2.3 Language Recognition	93
	3.2.4 Metadata Extraction	93
	3.2.5 Geotagging	94
	3.2.6 Text Classification	94
	4 Conclusion	94
	References	95
	7 Building a Real-Time Geo-Targeted Event Observation (Geo) Viewer for Disaster Management and Situation Awareness	96
	Abstract	96
	1 Introduction	97
	2 The Design of GeoViewer System Architecture	99
	3 User Interface Design and Key Functions	100
	3.1 Real-Time Display of Geo-Tagged Tweets	101
	3.2 Interactive Mapping Functions for Geovisualization	102
	3.3 Spatial, Text, and Temporal Search	103
	3.4 Labeling and Text-Tagging Function	104
	4 Nepal Earthquake Case Study	105
	5 Conclusion	107
	Acknowledgements	108
	References	108
	8 The Academic SDI—Towards Understanding Spatial Data Infrastructures for Research and Education	110
	Abstract	110
	1 Introduction	112
	2 Demand for SDIs at Universities and Research Institutes	112
	3 The ICA’s SDI Model	113
	4 SDI Implementations at Universities and Research Institutes	114
	4.1 University of Twente, The Netherlands	114
	4.2 University of Groningen, the Netherlands	114
	4.3 VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, Czechia	116
	4.4 CSIR, South Africa	117
	4.5 Research Centre for Sustainable Urban Development (CEDEUS), Chile	117
	4.6 University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Johannesburg, South Africa	118
	4.7 Academic Geo Hub Platform, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (Poland)	119
	5 The Academic SDI	120
	6 Discussion and Conclusion	122
	Acknowledgements	123
	References	123
	Map Design	125
	9 Introducing Leader Lines into Scale-Aware Consistent Labeling	126
	Abstract	126
	1 Introduction	126
	2 Related Work	129
	2.1 Static Map Labeling	129
	2.2 Dynamic Map Labeling	129
	3 Design Principles for Label Placement	130
	4 Consistent Label Placement with Leader Lines	132
	4.1 Genetic-Based Optimization of Active Ranges	132
	4.2 Occlusion-Free Placement of Labels and Leader Lines	133
	4.3 Fitness Evaluation of the Label Placement	133
	5 Results	134
	6 Conclusion and Future Work	137
	Acknowledgements	138
	References	138
	10 On the Way to Create Individualized Cartographic Images for Online Maps Using Free and Open Source Tools	140
	Abstract	140
	1 Introduction	141
	2 Data Sources	142
	3 Processing the OpenStreetMap Data	143
	4 Creating Different Cartographic Images	145
	5 Setting Up Maps Online	150
	6 Discussion	150
	Acknowledgements	151
	References	151
	11 Hebrus Valles—The Mars Exploration Zone Map	154
	Abstract	154
	1 Introduction—Basic Information About Hebrus Valles	155
	2 Motivation and Goals	155
	3 Exploration Zone Criteria	156
	4 Exploration Zone Map Symbology	156
	5 Paths (Traverses)	159
	6 Hebrus Valles Exploration Zone Map Detailed Description	159
	7 Creation of the Map, Methodology	161
	8 Map Format and Adapting to New Technologies	163
	9 Summary	165
	Acknowledgements	166
	References	166
	12 XY Domain: A Sound Map Artwork for Communicating Big Data Characteristics	168
	Abstract	168
	1 Introduction	168
	2 Background	170
	2.1 Transduction, Energy and Humans	170
	2.2 Big Data, Cartography and Art	171
	2.3 Cartography and Sound	172
	3 Context and Construction	173
	3.1 Context	173
	3.2 Idea Development	173
	3.3 Construction of the Sound Map	175
	3.4 Construction of the Visual Map	176
	4 Explanation and Reaction	177
	5 Conclusion	178
	Acknowledgements	180
	References	180
	13 Reproducible Cartography	182
	Abstract	182
	1 Introduction	182
	2 From GUI to Script	183
	2.1 A Step Backward?	183
	2.2 R as a Go-To Tool for Integrated Analysis	184
	3 The Cartography Package	185
	3.1 Design	185
	3.2 Main Features	186
	4 Conclusion	191
	References	192
	Evaluating Map Quality	193
	14 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Using Different Types of Rectangular Treemap as Diagrams in Cartography	194
	Abstract	194
	1 Introduction	195
	2 Treemap: A Brief Review	195
	3 Data Types Represented by Treemaps	197
	4 User Study Design	197
	4.1 Visual Tasks for Treemap Cartography	198
	4.2 Questionnaire Design	199
	4.2.1 Dataset and Test Material	199
	4.2.2 Questions	201
	4.3 Procedure	203
	4.4 Subjects	204
	5 Results and Discussion	205
	6 Conclusion	211
	Acknowledgements	212
	References	212
	15 The Usability of a GeoVisual Analytics Environment for the Exploration and Analysis of Different Datasets	214
	Abstract	214
	1 Introduction	215
	2 Usability of GeoVisual Analytics Environments	215
	3 Experiment Design	216
	3.1 The Use Case Studies	216
	3.2 Experimental GVA Environment	217
	3.3 User Tasks	219
	3.4 Test Participants	220
	3.5 Experiment	220
	4 Results	220
	4.1 Locate the Map	221
	4.2 Identify Time	222
	4.3 Compare Differences	223
	4.4 Characterize Change	223
	4.5 User Satisfaction	224
	4.6 Task Performance	224
	4.7 Use of the Visual Representations in the GVA Environment	226
	5 Conclusions	227
	References	227
	16 Characterizing Maps from Visual Properties	229
	Abstract	229
	1 Introduction	229
	2 Approach to Make Custom-Made Maps	231
	3 Visual Properties of Sample Maps	232
	4 Test Protocol	233
	4.1 Research Hypotheses About Database Design and Test	233
	4.2 Sample Map Database	233
	4.3 Implementation of the Test	234
	5 Characterizing Maps with Visual Properties from the User Test	234
	5.1 Typical Property per Map	234
	5.2 Extreme Property(-ies) per Map	235
	5.3 Unanimous Property(-ies) per Map	236
	6 Analysis of Visual Properties Through Statistical Features	236
	6.1 Statistical Feature: Typical	236
	6.2 Statistical Feature: Extreme	237
	6.3 Statistical Feature: Unanimous	239
	6.4 Correlations Among Properties and Among Statistical Features	240
	7 Exploring and Increasing the Sample Map Database	241
	8 Conclusions and Perspectives	242
	References	243
	17 How Hard Is It to Design Maps for Beginners, Intermediates and Experts?	245
	Abstract	245
	1 Introduction	246
	2 Thoughts of the Map Maker and the Map Reader	246
	3 What Questions Can Be Answered with the Experiment?	247
	4 Categorization of Map Readers	248
	5 Differently Designed Cartographic Images and the Test Questions	248
	6 Database—Sampling and Weighting	253
	7 Proportion of Good Answers	253
	8 Completion Time	255
	9 Map Scale	256
	10 Summary	257
	Acknowledgements	258
	References	258
	18 Interaction Problems Found Through Usability Testing on Interactive Maps	260
	Abstract	260
	1 Introduction	260
	2 Theoretical References	261
	2.1 Interactive Maps	261
	2.2 Usability and Evaluation of Interfaces	262
	3 Methodology	263
	3.1 Participants	263
	3.2 Stimuli and Apparatus	263
	3.3 Procedures	264
	4 Results and Discussion	266
	5 Conclusions	271
	References	272
	19 The Apprehension of Overlaid Information in a Web Map	274
	Abstract	274
	1 Introduction	274
	2 Background and Related Work	275
	3 Web-Based Experiment	277
	4 Results	280
	5 Discussion and Conclusions	283
	References	285
	20 Visualization of Environment-related Information in Augmented Reality: Analysis of User Needs	287
	Abstract	287
	1 Introduction	288
	2 Background	288
	3 Methods	290
	4 Results	290
	4.1 General Background	291
	4.2 Areas of Application of Augmented Reality in Paragliding	291
	4.3 User Test	293
	5 Discussion	294
	6 Conclusions	294
	Acknowledgements	295
	References	295
	Geographic Analysis	297
	21 Analysis and Visualization of the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index in China	298
	Abstract	298
	1 Introduction	299
	2 Research Region and Data Sources	299
	3 Research Method	299
	3.1 Analysis of the Current Situation	299
	3.2 Analysis of Regional Disparities	300
	3.3 Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Variations	301
	3.3.1 Analysis of the Temporal Variation	301
	3.3.2 Average Annual Growth Rate	301
	3.4 Analysis of Indicator Correlations	302
	4 Analysis and Expression	303
	4.1 Current Situation of the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index	303
	4.2 Regional Disparities in the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index	304
	4.2.1 Multi-level Disparities	304
	4.2.2 Between-Province Disparities	305
	4.2.3 Within-Province Disparities	305
	4.3 Analysis of the Spatial–Temporal Changes in the Urban Residents’ Income-Related Happiness Index	306
	4.3.1 Temporal Changes	306
	4.3.2 Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution of the Annual Growth Rate	307
	4.4 Correlation Analysis of Indicators	307
	5 Conclusions	309
	Acknowledgements	310
	22 Displaying Voter Gains and Losses: Local Government Elections in South Africa for 2011 and 2016	311
	Abstract	311
	1 Introduction	311
	2 Mapping Political Voting Results	312
	3 Methodology	315
	3.1 Cartograms	315
	3.2 Three-Dimensional (3D) Mapping	316
	3.3 Thematic Map Combined with Cartogram	317
	4 Discussions	318
	5 Conclusions	323
	Acknowledgements	324
	References	324
	23 Mapping Community Vulnerability to Poaching: A Whole-of-Society Approach	326
	Abstract	326
	1 Introduction	327
	2 Whole-of-Society	327
	3 Drivers of Vulnerability to Becoming Involved in Wildlife Crime	331
	4 Methodology	332
	5 Results and Discussions	334
	5.1 The Four Groups	336
	5.2 The Socio-Economic Indicators	336
	5.3 Crime Risk Indicators	338
	6 Conclusions and Future Research	339
	Acknowledgements	340
	References	340
	24 Mapping Urban Landscapes Along Streets Using Google Street View	342
	Abstract	342
	1 Introduction	343
	2 Google Street View (GSV) Data Collection	344
	2.1 Collecting Static GSV Images	344
	2.2 Collecting GSV Panoramas	344
	3 Urban Landscape Quantification and Mapping	346
	3.1 Mapping the Visibility of Street Greenery	346
	3.2 Mapping the Openness of Street Canyons	349
	4 Discussion and Conclusions	353
	References	355
	Numerical Analysis	358
	25 Cross-Scale Analysis of Sub-pixel Variations in Digital Elevation Models	359
	Abstract	359
	1 Introduction	360
	2 Dataset and Study Area	361
	3 Methods	362
	3.1 Interpolation Methods	363
	3.2 Contiguity Configuration	366
	3.3 Workflow and Processing	367
	3.4 Accuracy Assessment	367
	4 Results and Discussion	368
	4.1 Analysis of Residuals	368
	4.2 Optimal Configuration for Weighted Average Interpolator	369
	4.3 Optimal Configuration for Best Fitting Polynomials	370
	4.4 Comparing Surface-Adjusted Elevations with the Rigid Pixel Paradigm	371
	5 Summary	372
	Acknowledgements	372
	References	372
	26 Extraction of Ridge Lines from Grid DEMs with the Steepest Ascent Method Based on Constrained Direction	374
	Abstract	374
	1 Introduction	375
	2 Related Works	376
	2.1 The Steepest Ascent Method	376
	2.2 The Method of Overland Flow Simulation	376
	3 The Steepest Ascent Method Based on Constrained Direction (SAMBCD)	377
	3.1 The Algorithm of SAMBCD	377
	3.2 The Implementation of SAMBCD	378
	3.2.1 The Major Ridge Lines	378
	3.2.2 The Minor Ridge Lines	381
	4 Comparison and Analysis	382
	5 Conclusion	384
	Acknowledgements	385
	References	385
	Using the A Algorithm to Find Optimal Sequences for Area Aggregation	387
	1 Introduction	387
	2 Preliminaries	389
	3 Using the A Algorithm	391
	3.1 Formalizing Area Aggregation as a Pathfinding Problem	391
	3.2 Cost Functions	391
	3.3 Estimating the Cost of Type Change	393
	3.4 Estimating the Cost of Shape	394
	3.5 Overestimation	396
	3.6 Integrating Aggregation Sequences of Different Regions	396
	4 Case Study	396
	5 Conclusions	401
	References	402
	28 Quantitative Expressions of Spatial Similarity in Multi-scale Map Spaces	403
	Abstract	403
	1 Origination and Significance	404
	2 Literature Review: Features of Similarity Relations	406
	2.1 Similarity Relations in Computer Sciences	406
	2.2 Similarity Relations in Psychology	407
	2.3 Similarity Relations in Geography	408
	3 Features and Their Mathematical Expressions	409
	4 Conclusions	412
	Acknowledgements	412
	References	412
	29 Balanced Allocation of Multi-criteria Geographic Areas by a Genetic Algorithm	415
	Abstract	415
	1 Introduction	416
	2 Territory Design by a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm	417
	2.1 Usability of Graphs in Order to Simulate the Problem	417
	2.2 Mapping the Territory Design Problem into a Graph Model	417
	2.3 The Core of the GA	419
	3 Case Study: Sales Territory Planning	421
	4 Results	422
	5 Tuning of the GA Parameters	423
	6 Location-Allocation and Initializing the Territories	423
	6.1 Evaluating the Balance of Workload	425
	6.2 Evaluating the Travel Time Improvement	428
	6.3 Evaluating the Contiguity and Compactness	429
	7 Conclusions	429
	Acknowledgements	430
	References	430
	30 Rethinking the Buffering Approach for Assessing OpenStreetMap Positional Accuracy	432
	Abstract	432
	1 Introduction	432
	2 Theoretical Analysis of the Buffering Approach	434
	2.1 Principles of the Buffering Approach	434
	2.2 Limitations of the Buffering Approach to Assessing the Positional Accuracy	436
	3 Design of Experiments for Evaluating the Buffering Approach	436
	3.1 Experimental Data	436
	3.2 Approaches, Steps and Implementation for Assessing the Positional Accuracy	437
	3.3 Evaluation of the Buffering Approach	438
	3.3.1 Quantitative Assessment	438
	3.3.2 Visual Inspection	438
	4 Results and Analyses	439
	4.1 Quantitative Analysis	439
	4.2 Visual Inspection	442
	5 Reasons for Inconsistency Between the OSM Road Network and Reference Road Network	443
	6 Conclusions	444
	Acknowledgements	444
	References	444
	31 Data Classification for Highlighting Polygons with Local Extreme Values in Choropleth Maps	446
	Abstract	446
	1 Introduction	446
	2 Previous Work	447
	2.1 Task-Oriented Approach	447
	2.2 Data Classification	448
	3 PLEX Method	449
	3.1 Definition of Local Extreme Values	449
	3.2 Partitioning	449
	4 Example	451
	4.1 Data Sets	451
	4.2 Usage of Conventional Methods	451
	4.3 Usage of PLEX Method	455
	5 Conclusions and Outlook	455
	References	456
	Routing	457
	32 A Confidence-Based Approach for the Assessment of Accessibility of Pedestrian Network for Manual Wheelchair Users	458
	Abstract	458
	1 Introduction	459
	2 Pedestrian Network Database	461
	2.1 Determining the Most Important Environmental Criteria for Enabling the Mobility of Persons with Manual Wheelchairs	461
	2.2 Pedestrian Network Segmentation	463
	3 Evaluating the Accessibility of Segments	465
	3.1 Aggregation of Confidence Levels	466
	4 Cases Study	468
	5 Conclusion and Future Work	470
	Acknowledgements	471
	References	471
	33 Accessibility in Pedestrian Routing	473
	Abstract	473
	1 Introduction	474
	2 Related Work	474
	3 Methods	476
	3.1 Personalization	476
	3.2 Routing Implementation	478
	3.3 Interface Design	478
	4 Challenges and Discussion	481
	5 Conclusions	484
	Acknowledgements	485
	References	485
	34 Visualization of Traffic Bottlenecks: Combining Traffic Congestion with Complicated Crossings	487
	Abstract	487
	1 Introduction	488
	2 State of the Art	488
	2.1 Vehicle Tracking: The Floating Car Data (FCD) Method	488
	2.2 Traffic Congestion Detection	488
	2.3 Complexity of Urban Transportation Infrastructure	489
	2.4 Traffic Data Visualization	490
	3 Test Data for Applying the Cartographic Traffic Bottleneck Visualization Method	491
	3.1 Shanghai Floating Taxi Data from 2007	491
	3.2 OSM Road Network of Shanghai	491
	4 Method for Detecting and Visualizing Vehicle Traffic Bottlenecks	492
	4.1 Detection and Classification of Complicated Crossings	493
	4.2 Computation of Traffic Congestion and Bottlenecks Based on Floating Taxi Data	493
	4.3 Cartographic Representation of Vehicle Traffic Bottlenecks	494
	5 Results	494
	6 Conclusion	496
	Acknowledgements	497
	References	497
	35 Psychogeography in the Age of the Quantified Self—Mental Map Modelling with Georeferenced Personal Activity Data	500
	Abstract	500
	1 Introduction	500
	2 Personal (Mental) Maps	501
	2.1 Academic Perspectives: Cartography and Cognitive Sciences	501
	2.2 Psychogeography as Political Practice	502
	2.3 Duality	503
	2.4 Explorative Tools for Personal Spatial Data Analysis	503
	3 Algorithmic Approach	505
	3.1 Data Aggregation, Cleaning and Organisation	506
	3.2 Temporal Data Clustering and Network Analysis	507
	3.3 Evaluation of Clusters and Model	509
	4 Reflective Practices	512
	5 Applications and Future Works	513
	6 Conclusion	513
	Acknowledgements	514
	References	514
	Final Reflections	516
	36 In Search of the Essence of Cartography	517
	Abstract	517
	1 Introduction	517
	2 Significance of Maps and Cartography	518
	3 Cartography in Philosophical Context	520
	4 Properties of Cartographic Modelling	522
	5 The Case of Cartographic and Art Models	525
	6 Conclusions	526
	References	527
	Author Index	529
	Subject Index	531