Preface	6
	Contents	8
	1 Introduction	11
	2 Overview Membranes Separations	16
	2.1 Membrane Definition	16
	2.2 Microfiltration	17
	2.2.1 Microfiltration History	17
	2.2.2 Microfiltration Process	18
	2.3 Ultrafiltration	21
	2.3.1 Ultrafiltration History	21
	2.3.2 Ultrafiltration Processes	22
	2.4 Nanofiltration	23
	2.4.1 Nanofiltration History	23
	2.4.2 Nanofiltration Process	24
	2.5 Reverse Osmosis	26
	2.5.1 Reverse Osmosis History	26
	2.5.2 Reverse Osmosis Process	26
	2.6 Gas Separation	29
	2.6.1 Gas Separation History	29
	2.6.2 Gas Separation Process	30
	2.7 Membrane Distillation	32
	2.7.1 Membrane Distillation History	32
	2.7.2 Membrane Distillation Process	33
	References	36
	3 Ceramic Membranes Preparation	39
	3.1 Raw Materials Used in the Preparation of Ceramic Membranes	39
	3.1.1 Alumina	39
	3.1.2 Zeolites	41
	3.1.3 Titania	43
	3.1.4 Zirconia	43
	3.1.5 Silica	44
	3.1.6 Other Materials	45
	3.2 Processes Applied in Ceramic Membrane Preparation	45
	3.2.1 Extrusion	46
	3.2.2 Slip Casting	47
	3.2.3 Tape Casting	50
	3.2.4 Dip-Coating	51
	3.2.5 Pressing	51
	3.2.6 Sol–Gel	52
	References	55
	4 Ceramic Membranes Characterization	57
	4.1 Permeability	57
	4.2 Solute Rejection Assays	59
	4.3 Porosimetry by Mercury Intrusion	62
	4.4 Gas Adsorption and Desorption—BET	65
	4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	67
	4.6 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)	70
	4.7 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)	70
	References	73
	5 Applications of Ceramic Membranes	75
	5.1 Food Industry	75
	5.1.1 Juice Industry	76
	5.1.2 Beer Industry	77
	5.1.3 Wine Industry	78
	5.1.4 Dairy Industry	80
	5.2 Water Treatment	81
	5.2.1 Water Purification	81
	5.2.2 Water Desalination	83
	5.3 Wastewater Treatment	84
	5.4 Biotechnology	85
	References	87
	6 Ceramic Membrane Modules	89
	6.1 Plate and Frame Modules	90
	6.2 Spiral Wound Modules	91
	6.3 Tubular Modules	92
	6.4 Perforated Block Modules	94
	6.5 Hollow Fiber Modules	95
	6.6 Rotating Disk Modules	97
	6.7 Which Module to Use?	98
	References	98