Supervisor’s Foreword	6
	Parts of this thesis have been published in the following journal articles:	9
	Acknowledgements	10
	Contents	11
	Nomenclature	15
	1 Introduction	18
	1.1 Background	18
	1.2 Flame Synthesis of Nanoparticles	19
	1.3 Coagulation of Nanoparticles in Flames	23
	1.4 Sintering of Nanoparticles	25
	1.5 Deposition of Nanoparticles and Synthesis of NanoPorous Films	28
	1.6 In Situ Optical Diagnostics on NanoAerosol System	29
	1.7 Road map of Present Study	31
	References	32
	2 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles by Stagnation Swirl Flame	37
	2.1 Experimental Methods	37
	2.2 Population Balance Modeling of Nanoparticle Coagulation in Stagnation Swirl Flame	40
	2.2.1 Comparison of Characteristic Times for Different Steps	40
	2.2.2 Modeling of Particle Coagulation in Flames	43
	2.2.3 Modeling Results and Comparison with Experiments	47
	2.3 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoporous Films by Stagnation Swirl Flame	49
	2.4 Pilot-Scale Experiments of TiO2 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Stagnation Swirl Flame	51
	2.5 Summary	53
	References	53
	3 Laser Diagnostics on Nanoparticles in Flames	55
	3.1 Introduction	55
	3.2 Measurement of Temperature Profile of the Stagnation Swirl Flame	56
	3.2.1 Photon Scattering	56
	3.2.2 Measurement of Temperature Field Using Rayleigh Scattering	57
	3.2.3 Measurement of Temperature Profile Using Raman Scattering	65
	3.3 Diagnostics of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Flames by Phase-Selective Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy	71
	3.3.1 A Brief Review of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)	71
	3.3.2 Laser Diagnostics of Aerosols and Original Idea of Phase-Selective LIBS	75
	3.3.3 Experimental Phenomena of Phase-Selective LIBS	77
	3.3.4 Time-Resolved Analysis of Laser-Induced Nanosized Plasmas	80
	3.3.5 Effect of Laser Fluence	82
	3.3.6 Effect of Particle Size	82
	3.3.7 In Situ Measurement of Particle Volume Fraction	84
	3.3.8 Two-Dimensional Imaging of Particle Volume Fraction	85
	3.3.9 Phase-Selective LIBS Diagnostic on the Simultaneous Formation of Multi-component Metal Oxides	86
	3.4 Summary	89
	References	90
	4 Molecular Dynamics Study on Nanoparticle Collision and Coalescence	93
	4.1 Introduction	93
	4.2 Brief Introduction of Computational Method	94
	4.2.1 Ensemble	94
	4.2.2 Fundamental Algorithm	95
	4.2.3 Potential	96
	4.2.4 Simulation Procedure	97
	4.3 Interaction Forces Between TiO2 Nanoparticles	102
	4.3.1 Brief Review of Interaction Forces Between Nanoparticles	102
	4.3.2 MD Simulation Settings	111
	4.3.3 Results and Discussion	112
	4.4 Enhancement of Particle Collision Rate by Long-range Interaction Forces	119
	4.4.1 Collision Mechanisms in an Aerosol System	119
	4.4.2 Collision Frequency Function for Brownian Coagulation	120
	4.4.3 Effect of Inter-particle Forces on Collision Rate	121
	4.4.4 Simulation Methods and Conditions	124
	4.4.5 Results and Discussions	126
	4.5 Grain Structure of Single TiO2 Nanoparticles	131
	4.5.1 Grain Structure of Nanoparticles and Melting-Point Depression	132
	4.5.2 Simulation Settings and Data Extraction	134
	4.5.3 Results and Discussions	135
	4.6 Coalescence of Two TiO2 Nanoparticles	140
	4.6.1 A Brief Introduction to Particle Sintering	140
	4.6.2 Particle Coalescence in High-Temperature Nanoaerosols	142
	4.6.3 Simulation Settings and Data Extraction	144
	4.6.4 Results and Discussions	146
	4.7 Summary	155
	References	156
	5 Deposition of Nanoparticles in Stagnation Flames	161
	5.1 Deposition Mechanisms	161
	5.2 Experimental Study on Nanoparticle Deposition Flux in Stagnation Flames	164
	5.2.1 Experimental System	164
	5.2.2 A Typical Radial Distribution of Deposition Flux	165
	5.3 Theoretical Analysis on Nanoparticle Transport and Deposition in Boundary Layer of Stagnation Flames	166
	5.3.1 Velocity and Temperature Profile in Boundary Layer	166
	5.3.2 Simplification of Particle Transport Equation in the Boundary Layer	171
	5.3.3 Simplified Approach Within the Stationary Layer	172
	5.3.4 Particle Transport Within the Entire Boundary Layer	175
	5.3.5 Discussion on Experimental Results of Deposition Flux	179
	5.4 The Structure and Morphology of Deposited Nanofilms	181
	5.4.1 Experimental Methods	182
	5.4.2 The Morphology and Packing Density of Nanofilms	183
	5.4.3 Simplified Deposition Model for Particle Packing	186
	5.4.4 The Specific Surface Area (SSA) of Nanofilms	190
	5.5 Summary	192
	References	193
	6 Conclusions and Future Work	194
	6.1 Conclusions	194
	6.1.1 The Phenomenological Laws at Reactor Level	194
	6.1.2 Collision and Coalescence at Particle Level	196
	6.1.3 In Situ Laser Diagnostics of Nanoparticle Formation and Transport	197
	6.2 Future Work	198
	7 Erratum to: Dynamics of Nanoparticles in Stagnation Flames	199
	Erratum to: Y. Zhang, Dynamics of Nanoparticles in Stagnation Flames, Springer Theses, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-53615-5	199