Foreword	4
	Acknowledgements	6
	Table of Contents	8
	Executive Summary	12
	Background	16
	Part I. The Scope of Malware	20
	Chapter 1. An Overview of Malware	22
	Chapter 2. Malware Attacks: Why, When and How?	42
	Chapter 3. Malware: Why Should We Be Concerned?	66
	Part II. The Economics of Malware	80
	Chapter 4. Cybersecurity and Economic Incentives	82
	Chapter 5. Survey of Market Participants: What Drives Their Security Decisions?	90
	Annex 5.A1. List of Interviewees	138
	Chapter 6. The Market Consequences of Cybersecurity: Defining Externalities and Ways to Address Them	140
	Part III. Malware: What Can Be Done?	150
	Chapter 7. The Role of End Users, Business and Government	152
	Chapter 8. What Is Already Being Done?	158
	Chapter 9. Possible Next Steps	184
	Annex A. Background Data on Malware	196
	Annex B. Research Design for Economics of Malware	210
	Annex C. A Framework for Studying the Economics of Malware	214
	Glossary of Malware Terms	228
	Bibliography	232