Preface	7
	Acknowledgments	10
	Contents	12
	About the Author	19
	Acronyms	20
	Introduction	44
	1 Introduction	46
	1.1 Abstract	47
	1.2 History of Radio	47
	1.2.1 Development of Mobile Radiocommunications	53
	1.2.2 Evolution of Satellite Communications	56
	1.2.3 Experiments with Active Communications Satellites	61
	1.2.4 Early Progress in Mobile Satellite Communications and Navigation	64
	1.3 Development of Global Mobile Satellite Systems (GMSS)	67
	1.3.1 Definition of Global Mobile Satellite Communications (GMSC)	67
	1.3.2 Definition of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)	70
	1.3.3 Network Architecture of GMSC	71
	1.3.3.1 Space Segment and Configuration of MCS Links	71
	1.3.3.2 Ground Segment and Networks	72
	1.4 GMSC Applications	74
	1.4.1 Maritime Mobile Satellite Communications (MMSC)	74
	1.4.1.1 Maritime Transportation Augmentation System (MTAS)	75
	1.4.1.2 Service for MMSC Users	75
	1.4.2 Land Mobile Satellite Communications (LMSC)	75
	1.4.2.1 Land Transportation Augmentation System (LTAS)	77
	1.4.2.2 Service for LMSC Users	77
	1.4.3 Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Communications (AMSC)	78
	1.4.3.1 Development of AMSC	78
	1.4.3.2 Present Status of Aeronautical Communications	79
	1.4.3.3 Aeronautical Transportation Augmentation System (ATAS)	80
	1.4.3.4 Service for AMSC Users	81
	1.4.4 Global Mobile Personal Satellite Communications (GMPSC)	82
	1.5 International Coordination Organizations and Regulatory Procedures	85
	1.5.1 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and Radio Regulations	85
	1.5.2 International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Regulations	86
	1.5.3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Regulations	88
	1.5.4 International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)	90
	1.5.5 World Meteorological Organization (WMO)	90
	1.5.6 Mobile Satellite Users Association (MSUA)	92
	1.6 Satellite Communications Organizations and Operators	92
	1.6.1 International Satellite Communications Organizations	93
	1.6.1.1 Intelsat	93
	1.6.1.2 Inmarsat	94
	1.6.1.3 Intersputnik	95
	1.6.1.4 ESA	96
	1.6.1.5 Eutelsat	97
	1.6.2 Former International MSS Operators	98
	1.6.2.1 Marisat MSS	98
	1.6.2.2 Marecs MSS	100
	1.6.2.3 Prodat MSS	100
	1.7 Frequency Designations and Classification of Services	101
	1.7.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)	104
	1.7.1.1 Satellite Voice Network	105
	1.7.1.2 VSAT Network	106
	1.7.2 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS)	108
	1.7.2.1 Maritime Mobile Satellite Service (MMSS)	109
	1.7.2.2 Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMSS)	110
	1.7.2.3 Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMSS)	111
	1.7.3 Personal Mobile Satellite Service (PMSS)	111
	1.7.4 Radio Navigation Satellite Service (RNSS)	112
	1.7.5 Radio Determination Satellite Service (RDSS)	112
	1.7.6 Mobile Broadcast Satellite Service (MBSS)	113
	1.7.7 Mobile Satellite Broadband Service (MSBS)	115
	1.8 Mobile Satellite Meteorological Service (MSMS)	116
	1.8.1 WEFAX System	118
	1.8.2 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT)	119
	1.8.3 Applied Weather Technology (AWT)	121
	1.8.4 Global Meteorological Technologies (GMT)	122
	1.8.5 Maritime Noble Denton Weather Services (NDWS)	123
	1.8.6 Global Sea State Information via Internet (GSSII)	123
	1.8.7 Aeronautical Weather Applications	124
	1.8.7.1 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)	125
	1.8.7.2 Aeronautical Weather Forecast	126
	1.8.7.3 SPECI Criteria	127
	1.9 GEO Data Collection Platform (DCP)	127
	2 Space Segment	129
	2.1 Platforms and Orbital Mechanics	129
	2.1.1 Space Environment	130
	2.1.2 Laws of Satellite Motion	131
	2.1.2.1 Geometry of Elliptical Orbit	134
	2.1.2.2 Geometry of Circular Orbit	135
	2.1.3 Horizon and Geographic Satellite Coordinates	137
	2.1.3.1 Satellite Distance and Coverage Area	138
	2.1.3.2 Satellite Look Angles (Elevation and Azimuth)	142
	2.1.3.3 Satellite Track and Geometry (Longitude and Latitude)	145
	2.2 Spacecraft Launching and Station-Keeping Techniques	147
	2.2.1 Satellite Installation and Launching Operations	148
	2.2.1.1 Direct Ascent Launching	148
	2.2.1.2 Indirect Ascent Launching	149
	2.2.2 Satellite Launchers and Launching Systems	149
	2.2.2.1 Expendable Launching Vehicles	149
	2.2.2.2 Reusable Launch Vehicles	151
	2.2.2.3 Land-Based Launching Systems	152
	2.2.2.4 Sea-Based Launch Systems	153
	2.3 Types of Orbits for Mobile and Other Satellite Systems	157
	2.3.1 Low Earth Orbits (LEO)	159
	2.3.1.1 Little LEO	162
	2.3.1.2 Big LEO	162
	2.3.2 Circular Orbits	163
	2.3.2.1 Medium Earth Orbits (MEO)	163
	2.3.2.2 Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEO)	164
	2.3.2.3 Geosynchronous Inclined Orbits (GIO)	166
	2.3.3 Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO)	167
	2.3.3.1 Molniya Orbit	169
	2.3.3.2 Tundra Orbit	171
	2.3.3.3 Loopus Orbit	171
	2.3.4 Polar Earth Orbits (PEO)	172
	2.3.4.1 Low PEO	173
	2.3.4.2 High PEO	175
	2.3.5 Hybrid Satellite Orbits (HSO)	176
	2.4 Spacecraft Subsystems	178
	2.4.1 Satellite Repeaters for Mobile Satellite Communications	179
	2.4.1.1 Transparent or Bent-Pipe Transponder	179
	2.4.1.2 Regenerative Transponder	180
	2.4.1.3 Satellite Transponders for Inmarsat-2 MSC	182
	2.4.2 Satellite Repeaters for COSPAS–SARSAT System	183
	2.4.2.1 COSPAS GEOSAR Luch-M Transponder	183
	2.4.2.2 SARSAT GEOSAR GOES Transponder	184
	2.4.2.3 COSPAS LEOSAR Transponder	186
	2.4.2.4 SARSAT LEOSAR Spacecraft Receiver and Transmitter	187
	2.4.3 Satellite Repeaters for New Generation of GEO and non-GEO MSC	188
	2.4.3.1 Inmarsat-3 GEO Satellite Communication Repeater	188
	2.4.3.2 Inmarsat-4 GEO Satellite Communication Repeater	190
	2.4.3.3 Projected Inmarsat-5 GEO Satellite Communication Repeater	191
	2.4.3.4 Globalstar Big LEO Satellite Communication Repeater	192
	2.4.3.5 Iridium Big LEO Satellite Communication Repeater	193
	2.4.3.6 Diagram of VSAT GEO Satellite Communication Repeater	193
	2.4.4 Satellite Navigation Repeaters for GNSS	195
	2.4.4.1 Inmarsat-4 Navigation Payload	196
	2.4.4.2 Artemis Navigation Payload	198
	2.4.4.3 MTSAT Navigation Payload	201
	2.4.5 Repeaters for Stratospheric Platform Systems (SPS)	201
	2.4.6 Satellite Antenna System for MSC	203
	2.4.6.1 Characteristics of Satellite Antennas	204
	2.4.6.2 Link Performance with Monobeam and Multibeam Antenna Coverage	207
	2.4.6.3 Basic Types of Antenna Onboard Spacecraft	212
	2.4.7 Satellite Bus	213
	2.4.7.1 Structure Platform (SP)	213
	2.4.7.2 Electric Power (EP)	215
	2.4.7.3 Thermal Control (TC)	216
	2.4.7.4 Attitude and Orbit Control (AOC)	217
	2.4.7.5 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C)	218
	2.4.7.6 Propulsion Engine (PE)	220
	2.5 Intersatellite Links (ISL)	220
	2.5.1 Direct ISL Data Transmission Over GEO Satellite	221
	2.5.2 Radio Frequency (RF) ISL	222
	2.5.3 Optical ISL	224
	2.5.3.1 Establishing an Optical ISL	224
	2.5.3.2 ISL Relations Between Two GEO Satellites	225
	2.5.3.3 ISL Relations Between GEO and LEO Satellites	226
	2.5.4 Transmission and Reception of Optical Sources	227
	2.5.5 Iridium ISL and Mobility System	228
	2.5.5.1 LEO Satellite ISL	229
	2.5.5.2 LEO Satellite Handover	230
	3 Transmission Techniques	233
	3.1 Baseband Signals	234
	3.1.1 Voice (Telephone) Signals	235
	3.1.2 Data and Multimedia Signals	237
	3.1.3 Video Signals	238
	3.1.4 Basic Concept of Modulation	239
	3.1.5 Analog and Digital Domains	241
	3.2 Analog Transmission	242
	3.2.1 Baseband Processing	242
	3.2.1.1 Speech Activation	243
	3.2.1.2 Pre- and De-emphasis	243
	Companding Process	244
	3.2.2 Analog Modulation and Multiplexing	245
	3.2.2.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM)	246
	3.2.2.2 Frequency Modulation (FM)	248
	3.2.2.3 Phase Modulation (PM)	248
	3.2.3 Double-Sideband Amplitude Modulation (DSB-AM)	249
	3.2.4 Single-Sideband Amplitude Modulation (SSB-AM)	250
	3.2.5 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)	253
	3.3 Digital Transmission	254
	3.3.1 Delta Modulation (DM)	255
	3.3.2 Coded Modulation (CM)	257
	3.3.2.1 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM)	258
	3.3.2.2 Block Coded Modulation (BCM)	258
	3.3.3 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)	259
	3.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)	261
	3.3.5 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)	262
	3.3.6 Types of Digital Shift Keying	263
	3.3.6.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)	263
	3.3.6.2 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)	264
	3.3.6.3 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)	264
	3.3.6.4 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)	264
	3.3.7 Combinations of PSK Digital Carriers	265
	3.3.7.1 Binary PSK (BPSK)	265
	3.3.7.2 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)	266
	3.3.7.3 Offset QPSK (O-QPSK)	267
	3.3.7.4 Differential PSK (DPSK)	269
	3.3.7.5 ?/4-QPSK	270
	3.3.8 Digital Voice Coding	270
	3.3.8.1 Adaptive Predictive Coding (APC)	271
	3.3.8.2 IMBE Coding	271
	3.3.8.3 Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM)	272
	3.3.8.4 Linear Predictive Coding (LPC)	273
	3.3.8.5 Multipulse Excited LPC (MELPC)	273
	3.3.8.6 Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP)	274
	3.4 Channel Coding and Decoding	274
	3.4.1 Channel Processing	274
	3.4.1.1 Digital Speech Concentration and Channel Multiplication	275
	3.4.1.2 Channel Encoding	275
	3.4.1.3 Digital Compression	277
	3.4.1.4 Voice Encryption	277
	3.4.2 Coding	279
	3.4.2.1 Block Codes	279
	3.4.2.2 Cyclic Codes	281
	3.4.2.3 Convolutional Codes	282
	3.4.2.4 Concatenated Codes	284
	3.4.2.5 Turbo Codes	284
	3.4.3 Decoding	285
	3.4.3.1 Block Decoding	286
	3.4.3.2 Convolutional Decoding	286
	3.4.3.3 Turbo Decoding	286
	3.4.3.4 Sequential Decoding	287
	3.4.3.5 Viterbi Decoding	287
	3.4.4 Error Correction	288
	3.4.4.1 Forward Error Correction (FEC)	288
	3.4.4.2 Automatic Request Repeat (ARQ)	290
	3.4.4.3 Pseudo-Noise (PN)	291
	3.4.4.4 Interleaving	292
	3.5 Multiple Access Technique	292
	3.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)	294
	3.5.1.1 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC)	295
	3.5.1.2 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC)	296
	3.5.2 Forms of FDMA Operations	297
	3.5.2.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA	297
	3.5.2.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA	297
	3.5.2.3 TDM/FDMA	298
	3.5.2.4 TDMA/FDMA	298
	3.5.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)	299
	3.5.3.1 TDM/TDMA	300
	3.5.3.2 FDMA/TDMA	300
	3.5.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)	301
	3.5.4.1 Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)	302
	3.5.4.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)	304
	3.5.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)	304
	3.5.5.1 Special Effects of SDMA in Wireless Systems	305
	3.5.5.2 Special Effects of SDMA in Mobile Radio Systems	306
	3.5.5.3 Special Effects of SDMA in Mobile Satellite Systems	308
	3.5.5.4 Switched Spot Beam Antenna	310
	3.5.5.5 Adaptive Array Antenna Systems	311
	3.5.5.6 SDMA/FDMA	312
	3.5.5.7 SDMA/TDMA	313
	3.5.5.8 SDMA/CDMA	313
	3.5.6 Random Division Multiple Access (RDMA)	313
	3.5.6.1 Aloha	314
	3.5.6.2 Slotted Aloha	315
	3.5.6.3 Slot Reservation Aloha	316
	3.6 Mobile Broadband and Internet Protocols	317
	3.6.1 Mobile Internet Protocol (IP)	317
	3.6.1.1 IP Security Protocol (IPSec)	319
	3.6.1.2 Mobile Transmissions Over IP (MToIP)	320
	3.6.1.3 Mobile IP Version 6 (MIPv6)	321
	3.6.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	322
	3.6.2.1 TCP/IP Over Satellite	323
	3.6.2.2 TCP Intertwined Algorithms	323
	3.6.3 Mobile Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	325
	3.6.3.1 IP/ATM Over Satellite	327
	3.6.3.2 UBR Over Satellite	329
	3.6.3.3 ABR Over Satellite	331
	3.6.4 Fixed Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS)	332
	3.6.5 Mobile Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel Over Satellite (DVB-RCS)	334
	3.7 MPEG Multimedia Standards	335
	3.7.1 Audio Broadcasting	336
	3.7.1.1 MPEG-2 Audio Layer II (MP2) Encoding	336
	3.7.1.2 MPEG-2 Audio Layer III (MP3) Encoding	336
	3.7.2 Video Broadcasting	337
	3.7.2.1 MPEG-2 Video Encoding	337
	3.7.2.2 High-Definition TV and MPEG-4	337
	3.7.2.3 Multiplexing and Transporting	338
	3.8 Direct-to-Home Broadcast System	339
	3.8.1 Transmission System Architecture	340
	3.8.2 Generic Reference Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD) Model	341
	3.9 Transmission Standards	341
	3.9.1 Digital Video Broadcast Second-Generation (DVB-S2) Standard	342
	3.9.2 DVB-S2 Architecture	343
	4 Mobile Satellite Antenna Systems	345
	4.1 Evolution of Antenna Systems for Mobile Radio Communications (MRC)	345
	4.1.1 Development of Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications (MSC)	346
	4.1.2 Classification and Types of Mobile Satellite Antennas (MSA)	346
	4.2 Antennas Requirements and Technical Characteristics	347
	4.2.1 Mechanical Characteristics	347
	4.2.2 Electrical Characteristics	348
	4.2.3 Basic Relations of Antennas	349
	4.2.3.1 Frequency and Bandwidth	349
	4.2.3.2 Gain and Directivity	349
	4.2.3.3 Radiation Pattern, Beam Width, and Sidelobes	351
	4.2.3.4 Polarization and Axial Ratio	354
	4.2.3.5 Figure of Merit (G/T) and EIRP	355
	4.3 Classification of Mobile Satellite Antennas (MSA)	357
	4.3.1 Shipborne MSA	357
	4.3.2 Vehicleborne MSA	358
	4.3.3 Airborne MSA	358
	4.3.4 Transportable MSA	359
	4.3.5 MSA for Personal Satellite Terminals	359
	4.3.6 Other Types of MSA	359
	4.4 Low-Gain Omnidirectional Antennas	359
	4.4.1 Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (QHA)	359
	4.4.2 Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna (CDDA)	360
	4.4.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA)	361
	4.5 Directional Medium-Gain Antennas (MGA)	362
	4.5.1 Aperture Reflector Antennas	362
	4.5.1.1 Short Backfire (SBF) Plane Reflector Antenna	363
	4.5.1.2 Modified SBF Plane Reflector Antenna	364
	4.5.1.3 Improved SBF Conical Reflector Antenna	364
	4.5.2 Wire Antennas	364
	4.5.2.1 Helical Wire Antennas	365
	4.5.2.2 Inverted V-Type Crossed-Dipole Antenna	366
	4.5.2.3 Crossed-Slot Antenna	367
	4.5.2.4 Conical Spiral Antenna	368
	4.5.2.5 Planar Spiral Antennas	368
	4.5.3 Array Antennas	370
	4.5.3.1 Microstrip Array Antenna	370
	4.5.3.2 Crossed-Slot Array Antenna	371
	4.5.3.3 Crossed-Dipole Array Antenna	371
	4.5.3.4 Four-Element Array Antennas	371
	4.5.3.5 Spiral Array Antenna	372
	4.5.3.6 Patch Array Antennas	373
	4.5.3.7 Phased-Array Antenna	374
	4.5.3.8 Adaptive Array Antennas	377
	4.6 High-Gain Directional Aperture Antennas	378
	4.7 Antenna Systems for Particular MSC	380
	4.7.1 Shipborne Satellite Antennas	380
	4.7.1.1 Previous Inmarsat Maritime Communication Antenna Standards	381
	4.7.1.2 New Inmarsat Maritime Communication Antenna Standards	386
	4.7.1.3 Inmarsat Maritime Multiband VSAT and TVRO Antenna Standards	389
	4.7.1.4 Maritime VSAT and TVRO Antennas Over GEO Satellites	391
	4.7.1.5 Maritime Antenna Standards Over MEO Satellites	394
	4.7.1.6 Maritime Antenna Standards Over LEO Satellites	395
	4.7.2 Vehicleborne Satellite Antennas	399
	4.7.2.1 Inmarsat Land Communication Antenna Standards	399
	4.7.2.2 Land VSAT and TVRO Antennas Over GEO Satellites	401
	4.7.3 Transportable Earth Station (TES) Antennas	405
	4.7.4 Transmitting Antennas for the COSPAS–SARSAT System	408
	4.7.5 Antenna Systems for GMPSC	411
	4.7.5.1 Wire Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (WQHA) for Handheld Terminals	412
	4.7.5.2 Antenna Solutions for Handheld Terminals	412
	4.7.6 Airborne Satellite Antennas	414
	4.7.6.1 Introduction of Antennas for Inmarsat GEO System	416
	4.7.6.2 Classification of Inmarsat Aeronautical Communication Antenna	423
	4.7.6.3 Airborne Antenna Systems for VSAT Solutions	426
	4.7.6.4 Antennas for Aeronautical TV (TVRO) Broadcasting	430
	4.7.6.5 Airborne Antennas for Non-GEO Satellite Systems	433
	4.7.6.6 Airborne Satellite Antennas for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)	434
	5 Propagation and Interference Consideration	437
	5.1 Overview of Antennas for Radio and Satellite Communications	438
	5.2 Propagation Fundamentals	440
	5.2.1 Electromagnetic Vectors and Polarization	442
	5.2.2 Speed of Propagation and Relationship to Wavelength and Frequency	443
	5.2.3 Radiowave Propagation	443
	5.2.4 Derivation of Free-Space Path Loss	445
	5.2.5 Isotropic Power Source	447
	5.2.6 Power Flux Density and Electric Field Strength	447
	5.3 Refraction, Absorption, and Non-LOS Propagation	448
	5.3.1 Refraction	449
	5.3.2 Attenuation from Atmosphere Absorption	450
	5.3.3 Non-LOS Propagation	450
	5.3.4 Two-Ray Model	452
	5.4 Sky Wave Propagation	453
	5.4.1 Ionosphere	453
	5.4.2 Propagation Distance of Satellite and Atmospheric Losses	456
	5.4.3 Propagation Caused by Doppler Effect	457
	5.5 Atmospheric Effects on Propagation	457
	5.5.1 Propagation Effects of the Troposphere	458
	5.5.1.1 Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases	458
	5.5.1.2 Attenuation by Precipitation and Hydrometeors	459
	5.5.1.3 Sand and Dust Effects	462
	5.5.1.4 Site Diversity Factors	463
	5.5.1.5 Other Diversity Schemes	464
	5.5.2 Clear-Sky Effects on Atmospheric Propagation	465
	5.5.3 Transionospheric Propagation	466
	5.5.3.1 Faraday Rotation and Group Delay	466
	5.5.3.2 Ionospheric Scintillation	468
	5.5.3.3 Other Ionospheric Effects	468
	5.6 Sky Noise Temperature Contributions	469
	5.6.1 Environmental Noise Temperature Sources	470
	5.6.2 Atmospheric Noise Temperature Elements	470
	5.6.3 Galactic and Other Interplanetary Noise Effects	471
	5.7 Path Depolarization Causes	471
	5.7.1 Depolarization and Polarization Components	472
	5.7.2 Relation Between Depolarization and Attenuation	474
	5.8 Propagation Effects Important for GMSC Systems	474
	5.8.1 Propagation in MMSC Systems	475
	5.8.2 Propagation in LMSC Systems	476
	5.8.3 Propagation in AMSC Systems	477
	5.8.4 Surface Reflection and Local Environmental Effects	479
	5.8.4.1 Reflection from the Earth’s Surface	479
	5.8.4.2 Fading in MMSC and AMSC Systems Due to Sea Surface Reflection	480
	5.8.4.3 Multipath Fading Calculation Model for Reflection from the Sea	483
	5.8.4.4 Other Estimations of Fading for MMSC and AMSC Systems	485
	5.8.4.5 Fading in LMSC System Due to Signal Blockage and Shadowing	487
	5.8.4.6 Fading in AMSC System Due to Land Reflection	491
	5.8.5 Interference from Adjacent Satellite Systems	492
	5.8.6 Specific Local Environmental Influence in GMSC Systems	493
	5.8.6.1 Noise Contribution of Local Ships’ and Aircraft’ Environment	494
	5.8.6.2 Blockages Caused by Ship and Aircraft Superstructures	494
	5.8.6.3 Motion of Ship’s and Aircraft’s Antenna	496
	5.9 Propagation for Space Mobile Broadcasting	497
	6 Ground Segment	499
	6.1 Definition of GMSC Services	500
	6.1.1 Fixed Satellite Services (FSS)	500
	6.1.2 Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)	502
	6.1.3 Fixed and Mobile Broadcasting Satellite Services (BSS)	503
	6.2 Divisions of Earth Stations in MSS	504
	6.2.1 Land Earth Stations (LES) Design for GEO Mobile Networks	504
	6.2.2 Gateways Design for non-GEO Mobile Networks	505
	6.2.3 Components of Ground Segment	506
	6.3 Ground Antenna, Components, and Control Systems	506
	6.3.1 Center Feed Antennas	507
	6.3.2 Offset Feed Antennas	509
	6.3.3 Models of GEO Ground RES Antenna Systems	510
	6.3.3.1 ViaSat 13.5 M Communication Earth Station Antenna	510
	6.3.3.2 ViaSat 16–18.3 M Communication Earth Station Antenna	511
	6.3.3.3 ViaSat 9.1 M Broadband Earth Station Antenna	511
	6.3.3.4 ViaSat 13.5 M Broadband Earth Station Antenna	512
	6.3.4 Models of non-GEO Ground RES Antenna Systems	513
	6.3.5 Ground RES Antenna Mount Systems	515
	6.3.6 Main Ground RES Antenna Geometry and Parameters	518
	6.3.6.1 Ground Antenna Gain	518
	6.3.6.2 Ground Antenna Beamwidth and Bandwidth	520
	6.3.6.3 Ground Antenna Sidelobes	520
	6.3.6.4 Ground Antenna Noise Temperature and Figure of Merit (G/T)	522
	6.3.6.5 Ground Antenna Pattern and EIRP	524
	6.3.7 Ground Antenna Feed	526
	6.3.8 Ground Antenna Diplexer	527
	6.3.9 Ground Antenna Tracking and Control Systems	528
	6.3.9.1 Antenna Step-track Autotracking	529
	6.3.9.2 Antenna-Programmed Tracking	530
	6.3.9.3 Ground Antenna Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TT&C) System	530
	6.4 Ground Earth Station Radio Frequency Equipment	531
	6.4.1 Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA)	531
	6.4.2 Power Dividers (Splitter)	532
	6.4.3 High-power Amplifiers (HPA)	533
	6.4.3.1 Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) Amplifiers	534
	6.4.3.2 Klystron Power Amplifiers (KPA)	535
	6.4.3.3 Solid-State Power Amplifiers (SSPA)	537
	6.4.4 Power Combiners	537
	6.5 Ground Earth Station Communication Equipment	538
	6.5.1 Receivers (Rx) Subsystem	538
	6.5.1.1 Block Down Converters (BDC)	538
	6.5.1.2 Demodulators	539
	6.5.2 RES Transmitters (Tx) Subsystem	540
	6.5.2.1 Block up Converter (BUC)	540
	6.5.2.2 Modulator	541
	6.5.3 Downlink Baseband Processing Signals (BPS) Equipment	542
	6.5.3.1 Demultiplexer (DeMUX)	542
	6.5.3.2 Decoder	543
	6.5.4 Uplink Baseband Processing Signals (BPS) Equipment	544
	6.5.4.1 Multiplexer (MUX)	544
	6.5.4.2 Encoder	544
	6.6 General Infrastructure of Earth Station	545
	6.6.1 Terrestrial Interface Equipment and Subsystems	546
	6.6.2 Power Supply Equipment	547
	6.7 Inmarsat GEO Land Earth Stations (LES)	547
	6.8 Iridium non-GEO Gateways	550
	6.9 DVB-RCS HUB Terminal	552
	7 Users Segment	554
	7.1 Overview of GMSC Applications	554
	7.1.1 General Architecture of GMSC System	556
	7.1.1.1 Functions of Feeder and Service Links in GEO GMSC Networks	556
	7.1.1.2 Feeder Link Gateway Stations in Non-GEO GMSC Networks	558
	7.2 Inmarsat GEO Users Segment	559
	7.2.1 Maritime Ship Earth Stations (SES)	559
	7.2.1.1 Maritime FleetBroadband (FB) SES	560
	FleetBroadband Onboard Services	562
	FleetBroadband Onboard Equipment	563
	7.2.2 Maritime SES Terminal Equipment and Installation	566
	7.2.2.1 Shipborne Antenna Mounting System	568
	Two-Axis Mount System (E/a and Y/X)	569
	Three-Axis Mount System (E/a/X, E?/E/a, and X?/Y/X)	570
	Four-Axis Mount (E/a/Y/X)	571
	7.2.2.2 Omnidirectional Shipborne Antenna Mounting	571
	7.2.2.3 Directional Shipborne Antenna Mounting and Steering System	572
	7.2.2.4 Shipborne Antenna Tracking and Pointing System	574
	7.2.2.5 Antenna Mast and Stabilization Platform	576
	7.2.2.6 Antenna Location Aboard Ship	577
	7.2.2.7 Satellite Determination and Antenna Azimuth Limit	578
	7.2.2.8 Antenna Pointing and Tracking	580
	7.2.3 Land Mobile Earth Stations (MES)	582
	7.2.3.1 Land BGAN Transportable Earth Station (TES)	582
	7.2.3.2 Land BGAN Road and Railway Vehicle Earth Stations (VES)	585
	7.2.3.3 Personal Earth Stations (PES)	586
	7.2.4 Aeronautical Aircraft Earth Stations (AES)	588
	7.2.4.1 Aeronautical SwiftBroadband (SB) AES	589
	Configuration of SwiftBroadband AES	590
	SwiftBroadband Service	595
	Configuration of SwiftBroadband Peripherals	596
	7.2.5 Aeronautical AES Terminal Equipment and Installation	597
	7.2.5.1 Satellite Determination and Mounting System	599
	7.2.5.2 Airborne Antenna Mounting and Motion System	600
	AES Antenna Mounting	600
	Components of Aircraft Motion	602
	7.2.5.3 Performance at High Latitudes and Low Elevation Angles	603
	7.2.5.4 Beam Steering Performances	604
	7.2.6 Inmarsat Global Xpress (GX) Solutions	605
	7.2.6.1 Maritime XpressLink (XLink) System	606
	7.2.6.2 Aeronautical Jet ConneX (JX) System	607
	7.3 Iridium LEO Users Segment	608
	7.3.1 Iridium Maritime SES	609
	7.3.1.1 Iridium Maritime SES Sailor SC4000	609
	7.3.1.2 Iridium Maritime Pilot SES	609
	7.3.2 Iridium Aeronautical AES	611
	7.3.2.1 Iridium-Integrated Aeronautical ICG Sora IG+Terminal	611
	7.3.2.2 Iridium SkyConnect Terminal	613
	7.4 Maritime O3B MEO Users Segment	613
	7.5 Mobile DVB-RCS GEO Users Segment	616
	7.5.1 DVB-RCS Architecture for Maritime Broadband	617
	7.5.2 ViaSat DVB-RCS Aeronautical Broadband	620
	8 Erratum to: Global Mobile Satellite Communications Theory	624
	Erratum to:	624
	References	625
	1. Books	625
	2. Papers	630
	3. Manuals	632
	4. Brochures	635
	5. Periodicals	638
	6. Web Sites	638
	Index	640