Preface	5
	Acknowledgments	5
	Contents	6
	Editor and Contributors	8
	1 Influence of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Additive Manufactured Polymer Parts Using Taguchi Method	13
	Abstract	13
	1 Introduction	13
	2 Experimental Setup	14
	2.1 Specimen Characteristics	14
	2.2 Sintering Parameters	14
	2.3 Equipment Characteristics	14
	2.4 Design of Experiments	15
	2.5 Experimental Procedure	16
	3 Results and Discussion	16
	4 Analysis of Results	17
	4.1 Statistical Analysis	17
	4.2 ANOVA	17
	4.3 Response Graphs	18
	5 Prediction of Optimum Performance	18
	6 Conclusion	18
	References	19
	2 Determination and Comparison of the Anisotropic Strengths of Fused Deposition Modeling P400 ABS	20
	Abstract	20
	1 Introduction	20
	2 Build Parameter Consideration	24
	2.1 Layer Resolution	26
	2.2 Model Interior	26
	2.3 Support Fill	26
	2.4 Color	26
	3 Experimental Setup	27
	3.1 Tensile Strength Test	27
	3.2 Compressive Strength Test	27
	3.3 Izod Impact Strength Test	28
	3.4 Rockwell Hardness Test	28
	4 Results	29
	4.1 Tensile Test	29
	4.2 Compressive Test	31
	4.3 Izod Impact Test	33
	4.4 Rockwell Hardness Test	35
	5 Conclusion and Future Work	38
	References	38
	3 Estimation of the Effect of Process Parameters on Build Time and Model Material Volume for FDM Process Optimization by Response Surface Methodology and Grey Relational Analysis	40
	Abstract	40
	1 Introduction	41
	2 RSM-Based Experimentation	42
	3 Measurement of Responses	43
	4 Grey Relational Analysis [10, 15, 16]	44
	4.1 Data Preprocessing	44
	4.2 Grey Relational Coefficient and Grey Relational Grade	45
	4.3 Analysis and Discussion of Experimental Results	45
	5 Results and Discussion	48
	6 Conclusions	48
	References	48
	4 Current Trends of Additive Manufacturing in the Aerospace Industry	50
	Abstract	50
	1 Introduction	50
	2 Background	51
	2.1 Additive Manufacturing Application for the Aerospace Industry	51
	2.1.1 GE Aviation—Leap Engine Fuel Nozzle Production Using Additive Manufacturing	51
	2.1.2 SAFRAN R&D Employs Additive Manufacturing for Developing Engine Components and Aircrafts	52
	2.1.3 NASA Creates Complex Rocket Injector Using Additive Manufacturing	53
	2.1.4 Additively Manufactured Titanium Component in Airbus A350 XWB	54
	2.1.5 Fused Deposition Modelling Reduces Tooling Cost and Lead-Time to Produce Composite Aerospace Parts	54
	2.1.6 Boeing Using 3D Printing Technology	55
	2.1.7 Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Demonstrates Digital Production Innovations	55
	2.1.8 Rolls-Royce 3D Prints Largest Component for Trent XWB-97 Engine	56
	2.1.9 Pratt and Whitney Uses 3D Printing for Aero Engine Parts	56
	2.1.10 Airbus Defence and Space Used Additive Manufacturing to Reduce Production Time of Satellite Parts	58
	2.1.11 Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Used 3D Printing Technology for Aircraft Engine Model	58
	2.1.12 Research and Development on Laser Metal Deposition Technology at Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)	59
	2.1.13 Research and Development of Jet Engine at Monash University, Australia	60
	2.1.14 Research on Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics for Direct Digital Investment Casting—Georgia Tech University, USA	61
	2.1.15 The World’s First 3D Printed Aircraft—Southampton University Laser Aircraft	61
	2.1.16 Development of New Material for Additive Manufacturing Aerospace Components—GKN Aerospace, UK	62
	2.1.17 Additive Manufacturing Research in China—Aviation and Aerospace Applications	62
	3 Summary	64
	References	64
	5 Influence of Oxygen Partial Pressure on Hydroxyapatite Coating of Additive Manufactured Component by Pulsed Laser Deposition	66
	Abstract	66
	1 Introduction	66
	2 Experimental Details	68
	2.1 Fabrication of Polyamide Substrate	68
	2.2 Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Target for Deposition	68
	2.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition	68
	2.4 Film Characterization	69
	3 Results and Discussion	69
	3.1 Surface Microstructure	69
	3.2 Surface Roughness	69
	3.3 Crystallinity of HA Film	70
	3.4 Growth Rate and Stoichiometry	71
	4 Conclusion	74
	References	74
	6 Electro Discharge Machining of Ti-Alloy (Ti6Al4V) and 316L Stainless Steel and Optimization of Process Parameters by Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) Method	76
	Abstract	76
	1 Introduction	77
	2 Experiment	78
	2.1 Work Piece	78
	2.2 Responses and Design of Experiment	79
	3 Result and Discussion	81
	3.1 Optimization Method	81
	3.2 Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) Method	83
	3.3 Calculation of Quality Loss, S/N Ratio and Scaled S/N Ratio	85
	3.4 Determination of Process Performance Index (PPI) Values and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	85
	3.4.1 Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) Method	85
	3.4.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	85
	4 Conclusion	87
	References	88
	7 Multi-objective Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium 7075-Based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Using Genetic Algorithm	90
	Abstract	90
	1 Introduction	90
	2 Methodology	92
	2.1 Mathematical Modelling	92
	3 Experimental Details	94
	3.1 Design of Experiments	94
	3.2 Furnace and Moulds Used in Experimentation	95
	3.3 Specimens Used in Impact Test, Hardness Test and Tensile Test	96
	3.4 Experimental Data	96
	3.5 Variation of Response Parameters with Respect to Variable Parameters	98
	4 Formulation of Objective Functions of MOOP	99
	5 Optimization of MOOP by NSGA-II	100
	6 Results and Discussion	100
	6.1 Single Best Compromise Pareto Solution	100
	7 Conclusions	103
	References	104
	8 A Review on Status of Research in Metal Additive Manufacturing	105
	Abstract	105
	1 Introduction	105
	2 Research on Design for Additive Manufacturing	106
	3 Research on Effect of Process Parameters of Additive Manufacturing Routes in Metallic Components Manufacturing	107
	4 Conclusion	109
	References	109
	9 Multi-response Optimization of Nd:YAG Laser for Micro-drilling of 304 Stainless Steel Using Grey Relational Analysis	111
	Abstract	111
	1 Introduction	111
	2 Experimental	112
	2.1 Material Selection	113
	2.2 Laser Drilling Using Orthogonal Technique	113
	2.3 Scheme for Measuring the Responses	114
	3 Grey Relational Analysis	115
	4 Result and Discussion	116
	5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	118
	6 Conformation Test	119
	7 Conclusion	119
	References	120
	10 Additive Manufacturing at French Space Agency with Industry Partnership	121
	Abstract	121
	1 Introduction	122
	2 Context	122
	3 Research and Development Activities	122
	3.1 Realization, Dimensioning, Justification	123
	3.2 Feasibility and Design	124
	4 Examples of AM Parts	124
	4.1 Injection Elements	124
	4.2 Turbo-Pump Housing	126
	4.3 Post-Processes and Controllability	127
	4.4 Injector Fire Tests	129
	5 Prospects	129
	5.1 Design Challenges	129
	5.2 Manufacturing Challenges	129
	5.3 Challenges of Qualification and Validation	129
	6 Conclusions	130
	Reference	130
	11 Wear Characterization of Direct Steel–H20 Specimens Produced by Additive Manufacturing Techniques	131
	Abstract	131
	1 Introduction	132
	2 Description of Present Work	133
	2.1 Machine and Process Parameters	133
	2.2 Details of Machine	133
	2.3 Process Parameters	134
	2.4 Machining of Test Piece into Pin Samples	134
	3 Results and Discussion	134
	4 Conclusions	137
	Acknowledgments	138
	References	138
	12 Rapid Manufacturing of Customized Surgical Cutting Guide for the Accurate Resection of Malignant Tumour in the Mandible	139
	Abstract	139
	1 Introduction	140
	2 Materials and Methods	140
	2.1 Case Report: Background	140
	2.2 Radiology	141
	2.3 Image Processing	141
	2.4 VSP	141
	2.5 CAD of CSCG	143
	2.6 Manufacturing of CSCG	145
	3 Testing of CSCG on Diseased Mandible	146
	4 Discussion	147
	5 Conclusion	148
	References	148
	13 Implant Analysis on the Lumbar-Sacrum Vertebrae Using Finite Element Method	149
	Abstract	149
	1 Introduction	150
	2 Methods	151
	2.1 Data Acquisition	151
	2.2 3D Model of L5-S1 Vertebrae	152
	2.3 Intervertebral Disc in 3-Matic	152
	2.4 Implant Modelling	152
	2.5 Finite Element Analysis	153
	3 Results and Discussion	155
	3.1 Analysis Without Placing the Screw	157
	3.2 Analysis After Inserting the Implant	160
	4 Conclusion	163
	References	163
	14 An Automated Acupressure Glove for Stress and Pain Relief Using 3D Printing	165
	Abstract	165
	1 Introduction	166
	2 Literature Survey	167
	2.1 Requirements to Overcome Current Challenges	168
	2.2 Desirable Features	169
	3 Project Idea	169
	3.1 Mechanical Design	169
	3.2 Medical Design	170
	4 Design Methodology	170
	4.1 The Glove	170
	4.2 The Controller Unit	172
	4.3 Integration	173
	5 Results and Discussions	174
	6 Conclusions	176
	7 Future Scope	177
	Acknowledgments	177
	References	177
	15 Development and Optimization of Dental Crown Using Rapid Prototyping Integrated with CAD	178
	Abstract	178
	1 Introduction	179
	2 Methodology	179
	3 CAD Model Development with 3D Scanner	180
	4 CAD Model Development from DICOM Images	181
	5 FEM Model Preparation with 3-Matic Software	182
	6 Static Structural Analysis	182
	7 Result and Discussion	184
	8 Graphical Interpretations	187
	9 Manufacturing of Dental Crown	188
	10 Conclusion	189
	11 Future Scopes	189
	References	190
	Index	192