Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Alternative and Sustainable Energy	10
	1 Power Flow Application on an Air Vehicle Electrical Power System	11
	Abstract	11
	1.1 Introduction	11
	1.2 MEA Power System	12
	1.3 Bus Types	13
	1.4 Newton–Raphson Load Flow Technique	14
	1.5 Results and Discussion	15
	1.6 Conclusions	16
	References	16
	2 Investigation of Renewable Energy Sources for Airports	18
	Abstract	18
	2.1 Introduction	18
	2.2 Energy Needs for Airport	19
	2.3 Renewable Energy Sources	20
	2.3.1 Wind Energy	20
	2.3.2 Solar Energy	21
	2.3.3 Geothermal Energy	21
	2.3.4 Biomass Energy	21
	2.4 Renewable Energy Sources in the Airports	21
	2.5 Conclusions	22
	References	22
	3 Investigation of the Effect of Canola Methyl Ester on Cyclic Variation Using Wavelet Analysis Method	24
	Abstract	24
	3.1 Introduction	24
	3.2 Wavelet Analysis Method	26
	3.3 Experiments	28
	3.3.1 Biodiesel Production	28
	3.3.2 Engine Test	28
	3.3.3 Wavelet Analysis Method	29
	3.4 Results	31
	References	31
	4 A Comprehensive Review: Ecodesign Approaches with the Use of Sustainable Textiles in Aviation Industry	33
	Abstract	33
	4.1 Sustainability Issues in Aviation and Textile Industry	33
	4.1.1 Sustainability in Aviation Industry	34
	4.1.2 Sustainability in Textile Industry	34
	4.1.3 Research Gap: Design and Use of Sustainable Textiles within Aviation Industry	35
	4.1.4 Aircraft Textiles and Green Aviation Initiatives	35
	4.2 Ecodesign Approaches	36
	4.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)	37
	4.2.2 “Design for X” (DfX) Approach	38
	4.3 Conclusion	40
	References	40
	5 Supportable, Sustainable, and Affordable Air Platforms	42
	Abstract	42
	5.1 Introduction	42
	5.2 Supportability, Sustainability, and Affordability	43
	5.3 Product Life Cycle	44
	5.4 Life Cycle Cost (LCC)	44
	5.5 Integrated Logistics Support (ILS)	46
	5.6 ASD ILS Suite Map	47
	5.7 Conclusion	48
	References	48
	6 Consumer Affect and Type of Water Recycling Projects: Implementation at Airports	49
	Abstract	49
	6.1 Introduction	49
	6.2 Methodology	51
	6.3 Results and Discussion	52
	6.4 Discussion	53
	6.5 Conclusion	55
	References	55
	7 Sustainable Aviation Applications in Turkey: Energy Efficiency at Airport Terminals	56
	Abstract	56
	7.1 Introduction	56
	7.2 Results and Discussion	57
	7.2.1 Thermal Camera Analyses	58
	7.2.2 Solar Reflective Material	58
	7.2.3 Highspeed Doors	61
	7.2.4 Thermal Stratification	61
	7.3 Conclusion	63
	References	63
	8 Investigation of the Vehicle Application of Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Systems	64
	Abstract	64
	8.1 Introduction	64
	8.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems	66
	8.3 Power Management Unit in the Hybrid Systems	67
	8.3.1 Drivetrain	67
	8.3.2 Converters	68
	8.3.3 Power Management	69
	8.3.4 Source Selection	71
	8.4 Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Systems	71
	8.4.1 Energy Management on Hybrid Vehicles	72
	8.4.1.1 Energy System Configuration on FC-Based Hybrid Vehicles	73
	8.4.2 Bidirectional DC–DC Converters	75
	8.4.2.1 Nonisolated Converters	77
	8.4.2.2 Isolated Converters	78
	8.4.3 Multi-Phased DC–DC Converters	78
	8.4.3.1 Nonisolated Multi-Phased Converters	78
	8.4.3.2 Isolated Multi-Phased DC–DC Converters	80
	8.5 Liquid-Fed Fuel Cell-Battery Operated Hybrid Systems	81
	8.5.1 Active DLFC System	81
	8.5.2 Passive DLFC Systems	83
	8.6 Hybrid Vehicle Applications	84
	8.6.1 Buddy El-Jet Hydrogen Fuel Cell Li-Ion Battery Operated Hybrid Vehicle	84
	8.6.1.1 Power Management	84
	8.6.1.2 Road Drive Tests	85
	8.6.2 Prototype Hydrogen—Electric Hybrid Microcab H2EV Vehicle	87
	8.6.2.1 Power Management	88
	8.6.2.2 Road Drive	89
	8.6.3 Norwegian Buddy El-Jet Hybrid System	89
	8.6.3.1 Power Management	90
	8.6.3.2 Drive Tests	91
	8.6.4 Mini Train Hybrid System	92
	8.6.4.1 Power Management	92
	8.6.4.2 Drive Test	93
	8.7 Conclusion	94
	Acknowlegments	95
	References	95
	9 Design of Solid State High Power Amplifiers for Leo Satellite Communication Systems	98
	Abstract	98
	9.1 Introduction	98
	9.2 Process Selection	99
	9.3 Architecture Selection	101
	9.4 Power and Linearity Performance	102
	9.5 Matching Network	104
	9.6 Conclusions	105
	References	106
	10 Different Efficiency Calculations of a Combined Cycle Power Plant	107
	Abstract	107
	10.1 Introduction	108
	10.2 Different Efficiency Definitions	109
	10.2.1 Thermal Efficiency (?T)	109
	10.2.2 Carnot Efficiency (?C)	110
	10.2.3 Curzon-Ahlborn Efficiency (?CA)	110
	10.2.4 Caputo Efficiency (?CPT)	110
	10.2.5 Exergetic Efficiency (?Ex)	112
	10.3 Required Data of Power Plant	113
	10.4 Results of Efficiency Calculations	113
	10.5 Conclusion	116
	References	116
	11 Sustainability Assessment in Piston-Prop Helicopter Engine	117
	Abstract	117
	11.1 Introduction	118
	11.2 Method	121
	11.2.1 Waste Exergy Ratio	121
	11.2.2 Exergy Destruction Factor	122
	11.2.3 Environmental Impact Factor	122
	11.2.4 Exergetic Sustainability Index	122
	11.3 Conclusion	123
	References	125
	12 Energy Efficiency Study on Air-Cooled Condensers	126
	Abstract	126
	12.1 Introduction	127
	12.2 Design Data Pertaining to the Factors Affecting the Performance of Condensers	127
	12.2.1 The Effect of Condensation Temperature on Capacity	128
	12.2.2 Effect of Fin Geometry on Capacity	130
	12.2.3 Effect of Air Velocity on Capacity	131
	12.2.4 The Effect of Grooved Tubes on Capacity	131
	12.2.5 Effect of Fan Selection on Capacity and Noise Level and Control Options	132
	12.2.5.1 Two Speed Fans	132
	12.2.5.2 Use of Frequency Inverters and Step Control Units	134
	12.2.5.3 EC Fans	135
	12.3 Use of Free Cooling in Cooling Units with Air-Cooled Condensers	136
	12.4 Standards and Energy Classification in Air-Cooled Condensers	138
	12.5 Conclusion	140
	References	141
	Modelling, Planning and Optimization in Aviation	142
	13 Multi-objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Micro-turbine for Combined Heat and Power Production	143
	Abstract	143
	13.1 Introduction	143
	13.2 Cycle Modeling	144
	13.3 Thermodynamic Modeling	145
	13.3.1 Compressor Modeling	145
	13.3.1.1 First-Stage Compressor	145
	13.3.1.2 Second-Stage Compressor	146
	13.3.2 Intercooler	146
	13.3.3 Pump Modeling	146
	13.3.4 Re-cooperator	146
	13.3.5 Combustion Chamber Modeling	147
	13.3.6 Gas Turbine Modeling	148
	13.3.7 Generator (Hot Water)	148
	13.4 Exergy Analysis	148
	13.5 Definition of Objective Functions	150
	13.6 Parametric Analysis	151
	13.7 Optimization	154
	13.8 GMDH Neural Network	154
	13.9 Conclusion	156
	References	157
	14 Buckling Analysis of a Column with Rotational Springs at Both Ends in Aircraft Column	158
	Abstract	158
	14.1 Introduction	158
	14.2 Formulation of the Problem	159
	14.3 Results and Discussion	163
	14.4 Conclusions	164
	References	164
	15 Emissions Prediction of a Reverse Flow Combustor Using Network Models	165
	Abstract	165
	15.1 Introduction	166
	15.2 Methodology	167
	15.2.1 One-Dimensional Network Model	167
	15.2.2 Mathematical Model	168
	15.2.3 Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) Model	169
	15.3 Results	170
	15.4 Conclusion	173
	Acknowledgement	173
	References	173
	16 Performance Simulation of Serviceable Stratospheric Balloon Control Using MATLAB/Simulink	174
	Abstract	174
	16.1 Introduction	175
	16.2 Balloon Dynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer Model	176
	16.3 Numerical and Control Method	176
	16.4 Results and Discussion	177
	16.5 Conclusions	180
	References	181
	17 Multi-objective 4D Trajectory Optimization for Online Strategic and Tactical Air Traffic Management	182
	Abstract	182
	17.1 Introduction	183
	17.2 Statement of the Problem	184
	17.3 Mathematical Formulation	186
	17.3.1 Numerical Solution	187
	17.3.2 MOTO-4D Algorithm Implementation	189
	17.3.3 Multi-objective Optimality	191
	17.4 4DT Optimisation Algorithm	191
	17.5 Simulation and Results	192
	17.6 Conclusions	195
	References	195
	18 Physical-Based Simulation of a GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Devices	198
	Abstract	198
	18.1 Introduction	198
	18.2 AlGaN/GaN HEMT Fundamentals	200
	18.3 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG)	203
	18.3.1 Spontaneous Polarization	204
	18.3.2 Piezoelectric Polarization	206
	18.3.3 Device Structure and Simulation Model	207
	18.4 Conclusions	213
	References	213
	19 Fault Detection, Isolation and Accommodation in Flight Control System of A340-Airbus Aircraft	214
	Abstract	214
	19.1 Introduction	214
	19.2 Airbus A-340 Aircraft Model	216
	19.3 Kalman Filter Algorithms	217
	19.4 Fault-Tolerant Estimation of Aircraft States	218
	19.4.1 Fault Detection	219
	19.4.2 Sensor Fault Isolation Algorithm	219
	19.4.3 Robust Kalman Filter	220
	19.4.3.1 RKF with SMNSF	221
	19.4.3.2 RKF with MMNSF	222
	19.4.4 Reconfigurable Kalman Filter	222
	19.5 Simulations Results	223
	19.5.1 Fault Detection Algorithm Results	223
	19.5.2 Sensor Fault Isolation Algorithm Results	223
	19.5.3 RKF Algorithm Results	225
	19.5.3.1 RKF with SMNSF	225
	19.5.3.2 RKF with MMNSF	225
	19.5.3.3 Reconfigurable KF	227
	19.6 Conclusions	228
	References	229
	20 Mathematical Modelling of a Tilt-Rotor by an Integral Method and CFX Modelling by ANSYS Fluent	230
	Abstract	230
	20.1 Introduction	230
	20.2 Theoretical Background	231
	20.2.1 Choice of Coordinates	231
	20.2.2 Boundary Condition	231
	20.3 Resolution Method	231
	20.4 Application to the Tilt-Rotor	233
	20.5 Discretization	233
	20.6 Resolution CFX	234
	20.7 Results	234
	20.8 Discussion	234
	20.9 Conclusion	238
	References	238
	21 Modelling and Evaluation of Persistent Contrail Formation Regions for Offline and Online Strategic Flight Trajectory Planning	239
	Abstract	239
	21.1 Introduction	239
	21.2 Contrail Lifecycle	240
	21.2.1 Radiative Properties	243
	21.3 Contrail Mapping Algorithm	245
	21.3.1 Contrail Model	246
	21.3.1.1 Jet Phase	247
	21.3.1.2 Vortex Phase	247
	21.3.1.3 Dispersion Phase	249
	21.3.1.4 Radiative Forcing	253
	21.3.2 Weather	254
	21.3.3 Solar Properties	255
	21.3.4 Contrail Mapping Algorithm Architecture	256
	21.3.4.1 Linear Contrail Mapping Algorithm	257
	21.3.4.2 4D Contrail Mapping Algorithm	258
	21.3.4.3 Algorithm Verification	259
	21.4 Simulation Case Studies	264
	21.4.1 Vortex Phase: Survival Factors for Different Size Aircraft	264
	21.4.2 Case Study—North America	266
	21.4.2.1 Contrail Sounding	266
	21.4.2.2 Altitude Variations	268
	21.4.2.3 Time-of-Day Variations	270
	21.5 Conclusions	271
	References	272
	22 In-Flight Icing Simulations on Airfoils	274
	Abstract	274
	22.1 Introduction	276
	22.2 Methodology	276
	22.2.1 Flow Field Solution	276
	22.2.2 Droplet Trajectories and Collection Efficiency Calculations	276
	22.2.3 Thermodynamic Analyses	277
	22.2.4 Extended Messinger Method	277
	22.3 Results and Discussion	279
	22.4 Conclusions	284
	Acknowledgements	284
	References	284
	23 Arrival Traffic Sequence for Converging Runways	285
	Abstract	285
	23.1 Introduction	285
	23.2 Methodology	286
	23.2.1 Sequencing in PMS	288
	23.3 Results and Discussion	288
	23.4 Conclusions	289
	References	290
	24 Energy Saving via Integrated Passive and Active Morphing During Maneuvers	291
	Abstract	291
	24.1 Introduction	291
	24.2 Helicopter Model, Maneuvers, and Control System	294
	24.3 Integrated Passive and Active Morphing Problem	297
	24.4 SPSA	298
	24.5 Closed Loop System Responses	299
	24.6 Conclusions	303
	Acknowledgements	304
	References	304
	25 PMU Deployment in Power System Oscillation Monitoring	307
	Abstract	307
	25.1 Introduction	307
	25.2 PMU Modeling	309
	25.2.1 PMU Principle	310
	25.2.2 Phasor-Data Applications	310
	25.3 PMU and Power Systems	311
	25.4 Simulation of the 14-Bus Power System	312
	25.5 Conclusion	315
	References	315
	26 Historical Development of UAV Technologies in the World: The Case of Turkey	317
	Abstract	317
	26.1 Introduction	317
	26.2 UAV History	319
	26.3 UAV Studies in Turkey	321
	26.4 Conclusion	323
	References	324
	27 Additive Manufacturing for Lightweight Aviation Parts	326
	Abstract	326
	27.1 Engine Bracket	328
	27.2 Nacelle Hinge Bracket	329
	27.3 Fuel Nozzles	329
	27.4 SAVING Project	330
	27.5 Latticed Structures	332
	27.6 Discussion	332
	Aerodynamics	333
	28 Investigation of Airframe in Terms of Aerodynamics	334
	Abstract	334
	28.1 Introduction	334
	28.2 Initial Conditions of the Analysis	335
	28.3 Results and Discussion	336
	28.4 Conclusions	340
	References	341
	29 Flow Field Investigation of Rib-Roughened Serpentine Channel	342
	Abstract	342
	29.1 Introduction	343
	29.2 Numerical Setup	344
	29.2.1 The Channel Model	344
	29.2.2 Numerical Simulations	345
	29.2.3 Model Validation	346
	29.3 Flow Field Investigation	347
	29.4 Conclusions	350
	Acknowledgments	350
	References	350
	30 Numerical Analysis of Active Control of Flow on a DBD Plasma Actuator Integrated Airfoil	353
	Abstract	353
	30.1 Introduction	353
	30.2 Method	354
	30.3 Results	356
	30.3.1 Airfoil Without Plasma Actuator	356
	30.3.2 Airfoil with Plasma Actuator	356
	30.4 Conclusions	364
	References	364
	31 Acoustic Control of Flow Over NACA 2415 Aerofoil at Low Reynolds Numbers	365
	Abstract	365
	31.1 Introduction	366
	31.2 Acoustic Flow Control	371
	31.2.1 Flow Control with Constant Frequency	372
	31.2.2 Flow Control with Constant Amplitude	372
	31.2.3 Flow Control with Variable Frequency and Amplitude	373
	31.3 Experimental Methods	374
	31.4 Experimental Results	377
	31.4.1 Pressure Distribution Results	377
	31.4.2 Force Measurement Results	385
	31.4.3 Velocity Measurement Results	388
	31.4.3.1 Velocity Measurement Results in Wake Region	388
	31.4.3.2 Velocity Measurement Results Over the Aerofoil	391
	31.4.4 Smoke-Wire Flow Visualization Experiment Results	393
	31.4.5 Particle Image Velocimetry Results	397
	31.4.6 Flow Physics and the Effect of Acoustic Excitation on the Flow	402
	31.5 Conclusion	404
	Acknowledgments	408
	References	408
	Index	411