Foreword	6
	Measuring Common Ground: Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Social Cohesion Radar	6
	Acknowledgements	12
	Contents	13
	About the Authors	16
	List of Figures	18
	List of Tables	20
	Introduction	23
	References	29
	1 Theoretical Framework of the Social Cohesion Radar	31
	Abstract	31
	1.1 Roots in (Modern) Classics	31
	1.2 Previous Research on Cohesion	34
	1.3 Definition of Social Cohesion	36
	1.4 Disambiguation	39
	References	42
	2 Methodology of the Social Cohesion Radar	44
	Abstract	44
	2.1 Countries and Time Periods	45
	2.2 Secondary Data Sources	46
	2.2.1 Survey Data	47
	2.2.2 Expert Ratings	49
	2.2.3 Institutional Data	49
	2.3 Method: A Step-by-Step Guide	50
	2.3.1 Initial Selection of Indicators	50
	2.3.2 Data Preparation	52
	2.3.3 Reducing the Number of Indicators	53
	2.3.4 Final Selection of Indicators	54
	2.3.5 Reflective Measurement of Dimensions	55
	2.3.6 Completion of Dimension Scores	58
	2.3.7 Formative Measurement of Social Cohesion	59
	2.3.8 Limitations of the Approach	60
	2.3.9 Five-Color Grouping Scheme	60
	References	61
	3 Level and Trend of Social Cohesion	64
	Abstract	64
	3.1 Overall Index of Cohesion	64
	3.1.1 Most Recent Wave, 2009–2012	65
	3.1.2 Overall Index Changes Over Time	66
	3.2 Domains of Cohesion	66
	3.2.1 Social Relations	66
	3.2.2 Connectedness	68
	3.2.3 Focus on the Common Good	68
	3.3 Dimensions of Cohesion	68
	3.3.1 Social Relations, Trust in People, Acceptance of Diversity	69
	3.3.2 Identification, Trust in Institutions, Perception of Fairness	69
	3.3.3 Solidarity and Helpfulness, Respect for Social Rules, Civic Participation	72
	References	74
	4 Syndrome Character and Regimes of Social Cohesion	75
	Abstract	75
	4.1 Syndrome Character	76
	4.2 Regimes of Social Cohesion	79
	4.2.1 Nordic Regime	81
	4.2.2 English-Speaking and Small Western European Regime	83
	4.2.3 Northwestern European Regime	83
	4.2.4 Mediterranean and Eastern European Regime	84
	4.2.5 Levantine Regime	84
	4.2.6 Southeastern European Regime	84
	References	85
	5 Macro-Level Causes and Effects of Social Cohesion	87
	Abstract	87
	5.1 Determinants and Outcomes of the Overall Index	88
	5.1.1 Wealth and Economic Situation	89
	5.1.2 Income Inequality and the Welfare State	91
	5.1.3 Demographics	91
	5.1.4 Structural Modernization	92
	5.1.5 Diversity	92
	5.1.6 Culture and Values	93
	5.1.7 Subjective Well-Being	93
	5.2 Determinants and Outcomes of the Single Dimensions	94
	5.2.1 Wealth and Economic Situation	94
	5.2.2 Income Inequality and the Welfare State	98
	5.2.3 Demographics	99
	5.2.4 Structural Modernization	100
	5.2.5 Diversity	101
	5.2.6 Culture and Values	101
	5.2.7 Subjective Well-Being	102
	5.3 The Strongest Determinants of Social Cohesion	102
	References	104
	6 Social Cohesion, Values of Individuals, and Their Well-being	106
	Abstract	106
	6.1 Individual Values and Social Cohesion	107
	6.2 Social Cohesion and the Well-Being of Individuals	111
	6.2.1 Well-Being of Individuals Is Higher in More Cohesive Countries	115
	6.2.2 Cohesive Societies Are Good for Everyone	115
	References	118
	7 A Case Study: Social Cohesion in Germany	120
	Abstract	120
	7.1 Data and Methods	121
	7.1.1 Secondary Data Sources	121
	7.1.1.1 Survey Data	121
	7.1.1.2 Institutional Data	123
	7.1.2 Method	123
	7.2 Level and Trend of Cohesion	125
	7.3 Determinants of Cohesion	128
	7.4 Subjective Well-Being as Outcome	131
	7.4.1 More Cohesive Regions Are Happier on Average	132
	7.4.2 Individual Subjective Well-Being Is Higher in More Cohesive Regions	132
	7.4.3 Are Cohesive Regions Good for Everyone?	134
	References	135
	8 Conclusion and Outlook	137
	Abstract	137
	8.1 Summary and Discussion	137
	8.2 Future Research	141
	References	142
	Appendix	143