Foreword	6
	Acknowledgements	7
	Abstract	9
	Contents	11
	List of Figures	17
	List of Tables	20
	Abbreviations	22
	1 Introduction	25
	1.1 Field of Investigation	26
	1.2 Research Problem	28
	1.3 Research Questions and Objectives	31
	1.4 Methodology	32
	1.5 Thesis Structure	36
	2 Theoretical Framework	39
	2.1 Ubiquitous Computing	39
	2.1.1 Definition	39
	2.1.2 Building Blocks	41
	2.1.3 Technologies	42
	2.1.4 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)	44
	2.1.4.1 Standards	44
	2.1.4.2 RFID Tag and Data	45
	2.1.4.3 Capacity	46
	2.1.4.4 Shapes and Form	46
	2.1.4.5 Frequencies	47
	2.1.4.6 Transmission	48
	2.1.4.7 Readers and Connectivity	49
	2.1.4.8 Cost	50
	2.1.5 Near Field Communication (NFC)	51
	2.1.5.1 NFC Forum Technology Architecture	51
	2.1.5.2 Mobile NFC Architecture	53
	2.1.5.3 Available NFC Phones	54
	2.1.5.4 Developing with NFC	56
	2.1.5.5 NFC Tags	57
	2.1.6 RFID and NFC Information Systems	58
	2.2 Ubiquitous Computing Technologies and the Consumer	59
	2.2.1 Categorization of Applications Using the Example of RFID	59
	2.2.2 User Awareness and Perception of RFID	61
	2.3 The Importance of Prototyping	68
	3 Human Computer Interaction and Technology Acceptance	70
	3.1 Human Computer Interaction	70
	3.1.1 Human Aspects	71
	3.1.1.1 The End-User	71
	3.1.1.2 Behavioral Constraints of the End-User	72
	3.1.1.3 Everyday Tasks	73
	3.1.1.4 Cognitive Limitations	74
	3.1.1.5 Context-Sensitive Applications to Limit the Cognitive Load	76
	3.1.2 Human Computer Interface	77
	3.1.2.1 Multimodal Interaction	78
	3.1.2.2 Haptic Interfaces	79
	3.1.2.3 Affordances	81
	3.1.2.4 The Interaction Design of an Everyday Task	81
	3.1.2.5 Interaction between Physical Objects and Mobile Devices	82
	3.1.3 Summary: Preliminary Set of Requirements	84
	3.2 Technology Acceptance	87
	3.2.1 Technology Acceptance Evaluation in Ubiquitous Computing	87
	3.2.2 Innovation Adoption	88
	3.2.3 Technology Acceptance Models	92
	3.2.3.1 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)	93
	3.2.3.2 Theory of Reasoned Action / Theory of Planned Behaviour (TRA/TPB)	93
	3.2.3.3 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)	94
	3.2.3.4 Task-Technology Fit (TTF)	95
	3.2.3.5 Motivational Model (MM)	96
	3.2.3.6 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)	96
	3.2.3.7 Critical Assessment of Acceptance Models	106
	3.2.4 Summary: Technology Acceptance and Implications	107
	4 Designing an Ubiquitous Computing Application Development and Evaluation Process Model (UCAN)	109
	4.1 Ubiquitous Computing Application Development	109
	4.1.1 Determining Initial Requirements	110
	4.1.2 Challenges	112
	4.1.3 End-User Integration	113
	4.1.4 Prototypes	114
	4.1.5 System Engineering and Prototyping	116
	4.2 Evaluating Ubicomp Applications	117
	4.2.1 Challenges	117
	4.2.2 Evaluating Prototypes	118
	4.2.3 Evaluation in Specific Prototype Phases	120
	4.3 A-priori: The Ubiquitous Computing Application Development and Evaluation Process Model (UCAN)	125
	4.4 Selection of Case Studies	126
	4.4.1 NFC Applications	126
	4.4.1.1 Technology Push	127
	4.4.1.2 Market Pull	127
	4.4.2 Selection Criteria	127
	4.4.3 Motivation	129
	4.4.4 Conducting the Case Studies	130
	4.4.5 Overview	131
	5 From Initial Idea to Low-Fidelity Prototype: Easymeeting and the Mobile Prosumer	133
	5.1 Easymeeting: Meeting Room Management System	133
	5.1.1 Vision of a Motivating Application	134
	5.1.2 General Problem: Ubiquitous Computing in a Work Environment	135
	5.1.3 Initial Idea	135
	5.1.4 Evaluation of the Initial Idea	135
	5.1.5 Refined Idea	136
	5.1.6 Low-Fidelityy Prototypee	139
	5.1.7 Evaluation of the Low-Fidelity Prototype	142
	5.1.7.1 Research Methodology	142
	5.1.7.2 Sample	143
	5.1.7.3 Data Collection and Data Coding	143
	5.1.8 Evaluation Results of the Low-Fidelity Prototype	144
	5.1.8.1 Evaluation Results—Qualitative with ”Talking out Loud” Method	144
	5.1.8.2 Evaluation Results—Quantitative According UTAUT Items	145
	5.1.9 Refined Use Case	148
	5.1.10 Summary of the Results—Easymeeting	150
	5.1.10.1 Improve and Theorize about the Developed Process Model (UCAN)	150
	5.1.10.2 Preparing Design Guidelines	152
	5.2 Mobile Prosumer: Smart Product Information System at the Point of Sale	154
	5.2.1 Vision of a Motivating Application	156
	5.2.2 General Problem: Smart Products and Information Services	156
	5.2.2.1 Differences in Online and Offline Shopping	157
	5.2.2.2 Smart Products—Bridging the Gap of Offline and Online Information	157
	5.2.2.3 Demand for RFID-based Information Services at the Point of Sale	159
	5.2.3 Initial Idea	160
	5.2.4 Evaluation of the Initial Idea	161
	5.2.5 Refined Idea	161
	5.2.6 Low-Fidelity Prototype	162
	5.2.7 Evaluation of the Low-Fidelity Prototype	163
	5.2.7.1 Research Methodology	164
	5.2.7.2 Sample	165
	5.2.7.3 Data Collection and Data Coding	166
	5.2.8 General Evaluation Results	166
	5.2.8.1 Experiences and Attitude towards Shopping	166
	5.2.8.2 Evaluating the Initial Idea—Paper-based Concept Test	167
	5.2.9 Low-Fidelity Prototype Evaluation	169
	5.2.9.1 Low-Fidelity Prototype Evaluation—Focus Group 1: Consumers	169
	5.2.9.2 Low-Fidelity Prototype Evaluation—Focus Group 2: Sales Assistants	169
	5.2.10 Refined Use Case	170
	5.2.11 Summary of the Results – Mobile Prosumer	173
	5.2.11.1 Improve and Theorize about the Developed Process Model (UCAN)	173
	5.2.11.2 Preparing Design Guidelines	175
	6 Working Prototype: An NFC-based Mobile Phone Ticketing System	177
	6.1 From the Initial Idea to the Working Prototype	178
	6.2 Working Prototype	181
	6.3 Evaluation of the Working Prototype	183
	6.3.1 Sample	185
	6.3.2 Preparing the Research Design	186
	6.3.2.1 Questionnaire Concept	186
	6.3.2.2 Adaptation of Original UTAUT Constructs	186
	6.3.2.3 Summary of Items and Constructs	195
	6.3.2.4 Determining Measurement Points	196
	6.3.3 Data Collection	197
	6.3.4 Data Processing	198
	6.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation	199
	6.4.1 Data Analysis	199
	6.4.2 PLS Analysis	200
	6.4.3 Interpretation	205
	6.4.3.1 Behavioural Intention	205
	6.4.3.2 Performance Expectancy	208
	6.4.3.3 Effort Expectancy	209
	6.4.3.4 Social Influence	209
	6.4.3.5 Attitude towards Using Technology	210
	6.4.3.6 Self Efficacy	210
	6.4.3.7 Anxiety	210
	6.4.3.8 Facilitating Conditions	210
	6.4.4 PLS Multi-Group Comparisons	211
	6.4.5 Further Results	211
	6.4.6 Direct Limitations	213
	6.5 Summary of the Results	215
	6.5.1 Improve and Theorize about the Developed Process Model (UCAN)	215
	6.5.1.1 Benefits of the Process	215
	6.5.1.2 Limitations of the Proces	216
	6.5.1.3 Evaluation of the Research Instrument: Quantitative Survey	216
	6.5.2 Preparing Design Guidelines	217
	7 Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research	219
	7.1 Conclusion	219
	7.1.1 Evaluation of the Case Studies	220
	7.1.2 Technological Comparison	221
	7.1.3 Improving UCAN	223
	7.1.4 Design Guidelines for NFC-based Ubiquitous Computing Applications	229
	7.1.5 Contributions of the Analysis	236
	7.2 Limitations and Future Research	239
	7.2.1 Limitations	239
	7.2.2 Future Research	240
	Bibliography	242
	Appendix	259