Foreword	6
	Acknowledgements	8
	Contents	10
	About the Editor	12
	1 Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization	14
	1.1 Introduction	14
	1.2 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide	17
	1.2.1 Oxidation of Graphite	17
	1.2.1.1 Broodie’s Method	18
	1.2.1.2 Hummer’s Method	18
	1.2.1.3 Tour’s Method	19
	1.2.2 Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide	19
	1.2.2.1 Chemical Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide	19
	1.2.2.2 Thermal Exfoliation of Graphene Oxide	20
	1.2.3 Reduction of Graphene Oxide	20
	1.2.3.1 Thermal Annealing	22
	1.2.3.2 Reduction Using High-Energy Radiations	23
	1.2.3.3 Chemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide	24
	1.3 Characterizations of Graphene Oxide	27
	1.4 Conclusion	35
	References	35
	2 Wear Behavior of Composites and Nanocomposites: A New Approach	42
	2.1 Wear	42
	2.2 Types of Wear	42
	2.2.1 Adhesive Wear	43
	2.2.2 Abrasive Wear	44
	2.2.3 Corrosive Wear	47
	2.2.4 Fatigue Wear	48
	2.2.4.1 Rolling Contact	48
	2.2.4.2 Sliding Contact	49
	2.3 Analysis of Wear Debris	49
	2.4 Composites and Nanocomposites	50
	2.4.1 Classification of Composites	51
	2.4.1.1 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)	51
	2.4.1.2 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)	52
	2.4.1.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)	53
	2.4.2 Advantages of Composites	53
	2.4.3 Limitations of Composites	54
	2.5 Wear of Metals, Ceramics and Polymers	54
	2.5.1 Wear of Metals	54
	2.5.2 Wear of Ceramics	56
	2.5.3 Wear of Polymers	57
	2.6 Factors Affecting Reduction of Wear	58
	2.7 Wear Behavior of Fe–Al2O3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites	58
	References	60
	3 Nanoparticles as Targeted Drug Delivery Agents: Synthesis, Mechanism and Applications	62
	3.1 Introduction	62
	3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery	63
	3.3 Significance of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery	64
	3.4 Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Platforms	65
	3.4.1 Liposomes	65
	3.4.2 Dendrimers	66
	3.4.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles	67
	3.4.4 Hydrogels	67
	3.4.5 Polymeric Micelles	68
	3.4.6 Gold Nanoparticles	69
	3.5 Applications of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery	69
	3.6 Conclusions	73
	Acknowledgements	74
	References	74
	4 Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots	77
	4.1 Introduction	77
	4.2 Properties	77
	4.2.1 Optical Properties	77
	4.2.1.1 Photoluminescence	77
	4.2.1.2 Up-conversion	80
	4.2.1.3 Electrochemical Luminescence	83
	4.2.1.4 Cytotoxicity	85
	4.3 Characterization	86
	4.3.1 Optical Characterization	87
	4.3.1.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy	87
	4.3.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy	87
	4.3.1.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy	87
	4.3.2 Microscopy Characterization	88
	4.3.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	88
	4.3.2.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)	88
	4.3.3 Surface State Characterization	90
	4.3.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR)	90
	4.3.3.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	91
	4.4 Synthesis	91
	4.4.1 Top-Down Approach	91
	4.4.1.1 Chemical Ablation Methods	91
	4.4.1.2 Electrochemical Method	94
	4.4.1.3 Physical Method	97
	4.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach	97
	4.4.2.1 Cage Opening of Fullerene	97
	4.4.2.2 GQDs Derived from Organic Molecules	99
	4.5 Applications	101
	4.5.1 Bioimaging or Biolabelling	101
	4.5.2 Biosensing	103
	4.5.3 Immunosensing	103
	4.5.4 Drug Delivery	103
	4.5.5 Light-Emitting Diode	107
	4.5.6 Sensors	109
	4.5.7 Photoluminescence (PL) Sensor	109
	4.5.8 Electrochemical (EC) Sensor	111
	4.5.9 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor	113
	4.5.10 Catalysis	116
	4.5.10.1 Electrocatalysis—Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) in Fuel Cells	116
	4.5.10.2 Photocatalysis	120
	4.5.10.3 Energy-Related Application	121
	Photovoltaics (PV)	121
	4.6 Prospect of GQDs	122
	References	122
	5 Graphene/Metal Nanowire Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films	133
	5.1 Introduction	133
	5.2 Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Films	135
	5.3 Metal Nanowire-Based Transparent Conductive Films	138
	5.4 RG-O/Cu NW Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films	140
	5.5 CVD-Graphene/Metal Nanowire Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films	143
	5.6 Applications of Graphene/Metal Nanowire Hybrid Films	147
	5.6.1 Application of RG-O/Cu NW Transparent Electrodes in EC Devices	147
	5.6.2 Application of CVD-Graphene/Ag NW Transparent Electrodes in EC Devices	150
	5.7 Conclusions and Future Challenges	151
	Acknowledgements	152
	References	152
	6 Antibacterial Applications of Nanomaterials	155
	6.1 Introduction	155
	6.2 Mechanism of Antibacterial Action	157
	6.3 Synthesis Procedure	158
	6.4 Antibacterial Test Protocols	159
	6.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Pure and Doped ZnO	159
	6.5.1 Effect of Doping on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)	160
	6.5.2 Effect of Doping on Zone of Inhibition (ZOI)	162
	6.5.3 Growth of Bacterial Cells in Presence of Co-doped ZnO	164
	6.6 Bacterial Biofilm	165
	6.6.1 Inhibition of Microbial Biofilm Using Nanoantibiotic	166
	6.7 Summary	167
	References	167
	7 Facile Synthesis of Large Surface Area Graphene and Its Applications	171
	7.1 Introduction	171
	7.2 Conclusions	183
	Acknowledgements	184
	References	184
	8 Carbon Nanomaterials Derived from Graphene and Graphene Oxide Nanosheets	188
	8.1 Brief Introduction	188
	8.2 Graphene Fibers (1D)	189
	8.2.1 Solution Processing from Graphene Oxide (GO)	189
	8.2.2 Hydrothermal Approach	195
	8.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)	198
	8.2.4 Graphene Ribbon Fibers from Unzipped CNTs	200
	8.2.5 Other Methods	202
	8.3 Graphene-Based Free-Standing Papers (2D)	203
	8.3.1 Membrane Vacuum Filtration	204
	8.3.2 Other Methods	209
	8.3.2.1 Solvent Direct Evaporation	209
	8.3.2.2 Tape Casting	210
	8.3.2.3 Electro-spray Deposition	213
	8.3.2.4 Interface Self-Assembly	214
	8.3.2.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)	216
	8.4 Graphene 3D Monoliths	217
	8.4.1 Solution Processes	217
	8.4.1.1 Gelation of GO	217
	8.4.1.2 Centrifugal Evaporation-Induced Assembly of GO	224
	8.4.1.3 In Situ Gelation of RGO	225
	Hydrothermal Reduction in GO	226
	Chemical Reduction in GO	228
	8.4.2 Interface Self-Assembly	233
	8.4.2.1 Breath-Figure-Templated Assembly	233
	8.4.2.2 Flow-Directed Self-Assembly	235
	Leavening Strategy	235
	KOH Activation of RGO Porous Structures	236
	8.4.3 Templating Approaches	237
	8.4.3.1 Templated Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)	237
	8.4.3.2 Ice-Templated Unidirectional Freezing	238
	8.4.4 3D Printing	239
	8.4.5 Miscellaneous	240
	8.5 Concluding Remarks	242
	References	242
	9 GaN Nanowall Network: Laser Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth and Properties	255
	9.1 Introduction	255
	9.2 Growth of GaN Nanowall Network by LMBE Technique	257
	9.3 Characterization of GaN Nanowall Network Grown by LMBE Technique	258
	9.4 Properties of Homoepitaxial GaN Nanowall Network Grown on GaN Template	259
	9.4.1 Structural Properties	259
	9.4.2 Optical Properties	265
	9.4.3 Electronic Structure	268
	9.4.4 Effect of Wet-Etching	271
	9.5 Properties of Heteroepitaxial GaN Nanowall Network Grown on Sapphire (0001)	273
	9.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective	274
	Acknowledgements	275
	References	275
	10 Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of Novel 2D and 3D Materials	279
	10.1 Introduction	279
	10.2 The Method of Calculations	281
	10.3 Results and Discussion	281
	10.3.1 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (DMSs)	281
	10.3.2 Semiconductor and Metal Interface	284
	10.3.3 Effects of Tantalum Incorporation into Diamond Films	287
	10.3.4 Effects of Oxygen Incorporation into Diamond Films	288
	10.4 Summary	289
	References	290
	11 Prospects of Nanostructured ZrO2 as a Point-of-Care Diagnostics	295
	11.1 Introduction	295
	11.2 Synthesis and Characterizations of ZrO2 Nanostructures	298
	11.3 Biological Properties of ZrO2	302
	11.4 ZrO2-Based Biosensors	303
	11.4.1 ZrO2-Based Immunosensors	303
	11.4.2 Enzymatic Biosensor	306
	11.4.3 DNA Biosensor	309
	11.5 Conclusions	311
	References	312